英语句子成分基础

2021-09-07 fishedee 英语

0 概述

英语句子成分基础，作为句子成分的补充

1 定语

定语就是修饰名词或者代词的部分，定语可以放在被修饰词的前面或者后面。

1.1 定语前置

  • 形容词，He is a new student.
  • 代词，It is my book
  • 数词，There are two apples on the table.
  • 名词，This a diamond necklace

这些词语做定语，都是放在被修饰词的前面，这是普遍用法，没啥好说的

1.2 定语后置

1.2.1 介词短语作后置定语

  • a book on the desk
  • 桌子上的一本书
  • the map on the wall
  • 墙上的地图
  • the bird in the tree
  • 树上的那只小鸟
  • the development of China
  • 中国的发展
  • the way to the school
  • 去学校的路
  • the life in the future
  • 未来的生活

1.2.2 动词不定式作后置定语

动词不定式也可以作为后置定语，例如：

  • have time to do sth
  • a way to do sth
  • the first one to do sth
  • a place to do sth
  • the chance to do sth
  • something to do

例句

  • She is always the first one to arrive at the school
  • 她总是第一个到达学校
  • There are a lot of things to do
  • 有许多事情要做
  • I don’t have the courage to tell you the truth
  • 我没有勇气告诉你事实
  • Does he have the ability to do the work?
  • 他有能力干这项工作吗？
  • You have no right to do such a thing!
  • 你没有权利做这样的事！

1.2.3 分词短语作后置定语

分词短语有两种：

现在分词，表达被修饰的词的一种暂时状态

  • There is a dog lying on the ground
  • 有只小狗躺在地上
  • The girl sitting by my side is my sister
  • 坐在我旁边的是我妹妹

过去分词，与被修饰词是逻辑上的动宾关系，有的时候可以看成是定语从句

  • This is a film directed by Fent Xiaogang
  • 这是一部由冯小刚导演的电影
  • What is the language spoken in Spain
  • 西班牙使用的是什么语言

部分的单个过去分词可以作后置定语，他们包括有：left，gained，used，offered，discussed，ordered，wounded，injured，conducted，done，held，arranged，planned，suggested，finished，completed，arrested，given，fallen，missed等。

例如：

  • Is there anybody injured?
  • 有人负伤吗
  • The momey left is not enough for so many people to live through
  • 剩余的钱不够这么多人用的

1.2.4 特殊用法

1.2.4.1 enough

Enough作为形容词修饰名词时既可以在名词前，也可以在名词后。但enough作副词修饰形容词或副词的时候，必须放在后面作后置定语。

例如，good enough，big enough，fast enough，old enough

  • We have not enough time （time enough） to do the job.
  • 我们没有足够的时间做该工作。
  • His sister is old enough to go to school.
  • 他的妹妹够上学的年龄了。

1.2.4.2 alive

alive是形容词，表明活着的意思，它只能做名词的后置定语

  • He is the only man alive in the accident.
  • Those alive will gather here.

1.2.5 副词做定语

副词可以用作定语，但用法比较有限：一是可以用作定语的副词通常是一些表示地点、方位、时间等的副词；二是用作定语的副词习惯上要放在被修饰名词之后。如：

时间副词：

  • Her speech yesterday was a signal that her views have changed.
  • 她昨天的讲话标志着她的观点已经转变。
  • The temperature today is seventy degrees Fahrenheit.
  • 今天气温是华氏七十度。

地点副词：

  • Most of the people here know each other.
  • 这里大多数人互相认识。
  • How about the living there? Is it cheap?
  • 那里的生活怎么样? 便宜吗?
  • I had the good fortune to be chosen for a trip abroad.
  • 我真幸运，被选中出国旅行。
  • He turned the radio down so that he shouldn’t disturb the old lady downstairs.
  • 为了不打扰楼下的老太太，他把收音机音量调低了。

方位副词：

  • Read the paragraph below
  • 阅读下面的短文。
  • We had to get off and take the bus behind.
  • 我们得下车转搭后面的车。
  • Put the biscuits on the shelf [above].
  • 把饼干放到上面的架子上。

1.2.6 修饰的是不定代词

修饰的词是some-，any-，no-，every-构成的复合不定代词，和复合否定代词时，定语必须放在修饰语的后面。例如，something interesting，nothing much，anything valuable，anything else等。

else是比较特别的形容性，只能跟在不定代词（副词）和疑问代词（副词）的后面。

  • I have something important to tell you
  • 我有些重要的事情要告诉你
  • Do you have anything else to say about it?
  • 关于这件事，你还有什么要说的吗
  • What else would you like to eat?
  • 你想吃什么？

1.2.7 修饰的是疑问代词或者疑问副词

修饰的词是疑问代词，what，which，who，whose，whom和疑问副词，when，where，why，how的时候，要后置。例如：

  • What important would you like to talk about?
  • 你想谈论什么重要的事情
  • What new have they decided to visit
  • 他们决定到哪些没有去过的地方餐馆？

1.3 例句

  • There is a bottle with great GREEN letters on it

  • with sth. on it是with形式的定语，是一种介词短语做后置定语的形式

  • I drove out of Newtown and went to begin my search for the mysterious man on the moor.

  • my search for xxx，固定搭配的后置定语修饰search

  • I had the unhappy job of telling Barrymore and his wife about her brother’s death.

  • 我担当起了把白喘摩太太的弟弟去世的消息透露给他们夫妇俩的令人不快的差使。

  • job of xxx，固定搭配的后置定语

  • The fog was creeping up from the marsh towards the house. We were hidden near the path, which was on the far side of the house from the marsh.

  • 雾正从泥潭缓缓地沿着地面飘向这栋房子。我们藏在小路旁，那条小路正坐落在这栋房子离泥潭较远的那一边。the house from the marsh，远离泥潭的房子，作为house的后置定语。刚开始的from是creep的状语，飘起来从xxx，往xxx，方向状语。

  • It doesn’t seem the right kind of picture to leave lying around. It could frighten anybody – seeing that awful thing carring off the poor baby.

  • 这似乎不是那种可以随便放的画，假如看到这可怕的东西抱走那可怜的小孩子，它会吓坏人的。不定式做定语，to leave lying around

  • When they met, the first thing Dunning told Henry Harington was of the strange ways in which he had learnt his brother’s name.

  • 两人一见面，邓宁首先告诉亨利-哈林顿他是以什么奇怪的方式知道了他哥哥的名字。FIXME，奇怪的句子。整个应该是，he had learnt of his brother’s name in the strange way。

  • 另外一个说法是，Dunning told Henry Harington of the first thing was the strange ways in which he had learnt his brother’s name.这里的Dunning told Henry Harington of作为定语从句修饰的是The first thing，主句是 The first thing was the the strange ways。与此同时。这里的of 与be调换了一下位置而已。

  • There were two large baskets with lids, for the food and for the pans and things to cook with.

  • 还有两个有盖的篮子，一个装食品，一个装锅和烹饪的东西。to cook with是定语，修饰things，注意，cook with的with不能省略

  • Who can we ask who knows the east coast really well?

  • 找谁问哪个人非常熟悉东岸？特殊疑问句的，定语从句。who knows the east coast really well修饰的是疑问代词who

2 状语

状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、方面，程度、方式和伴随状语等。

2.1 单副词用法

看这里

副词的位置：

  • 副词修饰形容词的时候，放在形容词前面，very busy, quite lonely
  • 副词修饰不及物动词，副词放在动词前后都可以。He ran away quickly. He quickly ran away。频率副词放在动词前，一般副词放在动词后面。例如，play the game happily。
  • 副词修饰及物动词，副词放在动宾结构的前后都可以，但是不能放在动宾结构的中间。The old man slowly climbed the hill/The old man climbed the hill slowly.不能说是The old man climbed slowly the hill.
  • 副词修饰副词，You did the job very well。very 修饰well副词。

其他说法：

  • 多数副词放在动词后面，或者放在be动词，助动词或情态动词之后，实义动词之前。如果实义动词有宾语，则放在宾语之后。
  • 副词修饰形容词时，一般放在被修饰词之前，但enough作为副词时除外。
  • 频率副词可放在实义动词的前面，情态动词和助动词的后面。
  • 疑问副词，连接副词，关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词，通常放在句子或从句的前面。
  • 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中，地点副词在前面，时间副词在后面。
  • 否定副词在句首，句子要部分倒装。

2.2 对象状语

He gave me a book.

He gave a book to me.

He bought me a gift.

He bought a gift for me.

以上第二和第四句中to me 和 for me是介词短语。我们不能说介词短语作间接宾语，只能说间接宾语由介词to或for引出，但介词短语是状语。什么状语？最简单但有些不讲理的回答就是：引出间接宾语的状语。现代语法很聪明，它回避了这个问题。现代语法把此时的to和for介词短语，不叫状语，叫动词的补足语complement。注意这个补足语不是我们通常所说的宾语补足语，而是使动词语义完整的不可或缺的补足成分。有的老师就把这时的to 或 for介词短语称为对象状语。

It is important for you. for you也被分析为对象状语。

He explained the reason to me. to me也被分析为对象状语。

2.3 例子

  • The momey left is not enough for so many people to live through

  • to live through 是目的状语，for so many people是目的状语的逻辑主语

  • The people say it’s the Hound of the Baskervilles, which is calling for something to hunt and kill

  • 人们说这是巴斯克维尔猎犬，它正在召唤猎物。for somebody to do sth也是目的状语，something是作为目的状语的逻辑宾语。call for somebody，是call for是谓语，意思是需要，召唤，something是宾语，to hunt and kill是目的状语。

  • He walk across the road.

  • across the road是方向状语，用来修饰谓语本身。同时across是介词，因为后面有名词road。Can you swim across? across是副词，因为没有名词在后面。

  • He was standing against the moon.

  • stand是谓语，aganist是介词短语，方向状语成分。

  • She was shocked with her eyes open

  • with sb. adj.是with形式的状语，表达一种伴随状态

  • I take food to him to eat

  • take是谓语，food是宾语，to him是宾语补语，to eat是目的状语，表达对宾语补语的补充

  • Am I really in danger from such an evil thing?I think I am as brave as most men, but that sound froze my blood.

  • 我真的正受到那个邪恶的东西的威胁吗？我认为我与大多数人一样勇敢，可是这个声音使我毛骨悚然。be as adj. as something，比较状语。

  • It was almost as difficult to accept a natural explanation as a supernatural explanation.

  • 合乎自然的解释几乎和超乎自然的解释一样难以让人接受。比较状语，加形式主语，

  • By heavens, clear as he is , I shall trap Stapleton before another day is past.

  • 苍天在上，过不了一天我就要诱捕他，虽然他很狡猾。让步状语，as xxx

  • He said I would be a suspect. He frightened me into staying slient.

  • 他说，我会变成嫌疑犯的。他吓得我不敢说话了。into xxx，结果状语从句

  • He sit (或 stand) within two paces of me

  • 他坐在离我不到两步的地方，within xxx of xxx是用介词短语做的地点状语

  • The wet ground pulled at our feet as we walked. From time to time one of use stepped from the path and sank up to his waist in the marsh.

  • 我们走的时候湿乎乎的地面扯着我们的双脚。我们不是从小路旁走歪，陷入了泥潭，直到齐腰那么深。up to his waist，程度状语

  • It was no use for the hound,

  • for the hound，是状语

  • It is hard for us to leave the shcool。

  • for use to leave the school，是不定式作为主语，it是形式主语，注意两者的区别

  • His legs were in the air. He could not move in case he fell over.

  • 他双腿竖在空中，他一动不敢动，生怕翻到水里去。条件状语从句。看这里

3 宾语

3.1 规则

介词短语不做宾语，介词短语只能做定语或者状语，看这里，介词宾语的宾语组合可以看这里

只有极少数的词，from + 介词，和take … 介词+util xxx，的情况下，介词短语做了宾语。

副词是不能做宾语的

3.2 how xxx做宾语从句

看这里和这里

  • 陈述句：I like picnics very much.
  • 特殊疑问句：How much do you like picnics?
  • 名词性从句：how much I like picnics

3.3 例子

  • I take him away from the locked room

  • take是谓语，somebody 是宾语，away from somebody是宾语的补语

  • I had the unhappy job of telling Barrymore and his wife about her brother’s death.

  • 我担当起了把白喘摩太太的弟弟去世的消息透露给他们夫妇俩的令人不快的差使。

  • tell somebody about sth.

  • When you get there, you will send a telegram to Sir Henry in my name.It will ask him to send to me at Baker Street the pocket book I left at the Hall.

  • 你到了那儿时，就以我的名义向亨利爵士发封电报。请他把我落在了庄园的那个笔记本寄到贝克街去。

  • send sth to sb，宾补提前了，变成，send to sb. sth。at Baker Street是定语，修饰的是me，代表是寄到贝克街的我。

  • The thick cloud had crept to within fifty metres of where we were hidden.

  • 那云状的浓雾已经飘到了距我们藏匿的地方不到50米之处。to within是双重介词，它与creep组合为谓语动词。fifty metres是宾语，代表50米之处的地方。of where we were hidden，是一个of引导的后置介词定语。where we were hidden是宾语从句。简单来说，就是cloud（主语），creep to within（谓语），fifty metres（宾语），of where we were hidden（定语）。一个误区是，将within看成是前置定语，where we were hidden看成是宾语，这是不对的，介词短语肯定只能做后置定语。另外一个误区是，将within xxx metres看成是宾语，这也是不对的，介词短语不能做宾语。

  • The Secretary writes to inform Mr Karswell that it is impossible for him to give the name of any person or persons who were asked for an opinion on Mr Karswell’s paper on alcemy.

  • 秘书现写信通知卡斯韦尔先生不可能告诉他有关他那篇炼金术的文章他们征询了哪个或者哪些人的意见。it is adj. for sb.这里起到了逻辑宾语的作用。

  • Now Karswell wants to see me about it and to find out whose opinion we asked for.

  • 现在卡斯韦尔想见我，并想知道我们到底征询了谁的意见，宾语从句，find out whose opinion

4 谓语

4.1 例子

  • I am afraid of losing you

  • be afraid of可以看成是系动词+形容词+介词的谓语动词词组，losing you是宾语，表达一个事物

  • 一个不太好的解析是，将am看成系动词的谓语，afraid 看成是表语，of losing you是方面状语，这种解释能说过去，但是并不太好。

  • The news that she was married, and the awful fear he had experienced, brought on a fever.

  • 她已结婚的消息和他所精力的恐怖之事使他发起高烧来。bring on，导致

  • The wet ground pulled at our feet as we walked. From time to time one of use stepped from the path and sank up to his waist in the marsh.

  • 我们走的时候湿乎乎的地面扯着我们的双脚。我们不是从小路旁走歪，陷入了泥潭，直到齐腰那么深。pull at，用例拉

5 表语

5.1 例子

within 还可以表示距离，意为“不远于”，“在……之内”。

  • The bus stop is within fifty metres of the station。within是表语的功能

6 主语

6.1 例子

  • I’ve heard they could see it from out at sea, but whatever was there fell down long before our time.

  • 我听说他们在海上就能看到它，可插在那里的东西很久以前就倒了。主语从句，whatever was there相当于what was there，但是加上了无论，无论在那里的什么东西

  • However, Mr Dunning did not see him give anyone a leaflet until he himself reached the place. One was pushed into his hand as he passed.

  • 可直到他走到那儿，不见那人发给任何一个人。他经过时那人往他手上塞了一张。One是代指其中一个leaflet

10 总结

参看资料

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