英语主动和被动语态

2021-09-17 fishedee 英语

0 概述

主动与被动语态

1 构成

助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词

2 时态变化

  • 一般过去时，was/were + worked
  • 一般现在时，am/is/are + worked
  • 一般将来时，shall/will + be + worked
  • 过去完成时，had + been + worked
  • 现在完成时，have/has + been + worked
  • 将来完成时，shall/will + have been + worked
  • 过去进行时，was/were + being + worked
  • 现在进行时，am/is/are + being + worked
  • 将来进行时，shall/will + being + worked，这是啥!FIXME
  • 情态动词，can/may/must/should + be + 动词的过去分词

3 用法

当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者，只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。

  • Many people speak English。（主动语态）
  • English is spoken by many people。（被动语态）

4 注意点

4.1 双宾语，任一宾语都能称为主语，注意加to，或者加for的习惯

  • Mary gave him some books

  • He was given some books by Mary

  • Some books were given to him by Mary

  • Her father bought her a bike

  • She was bought a new bike by her father

  • A new bike was bought for her by her father

用to的常见词有：give，show，send，lend，pass，pay，teach，throw，take，bring 等等

用for的常见词有：make，choose，sing，play，draw，save，buy，get，leave，cook等等

4.2 宾语+宾语补足语

只有宾语能称为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语是不能称为被动语态的主语

  • We call him Gina

  • He is called Gina ( by us )

  • They made me happy

  • I was made happy ( by them )

  • He asked me to come here

  • I was asked to come here ( by him )

4.3 特殊的主谓宾宾补（没有宾补）没有to，但是被动语态多了一个to

  • We saw them play football just now

  • They were seen to play football just now

  • We often hear her sing in English

  • She is often heard to sing in English

这些词语有：see，let，make，hear，watch等等

4.4 特殊的主谓宾（没有宾补）没有to，但是被动语态多了一个to

只有一个know

  • Peole all over the world know the Great Wall，主动语态没有to
  • The Great Wall is known to people all over the world。被动语态有to

4.5 不及物动词的介词不要丢掉，（可以看成是介词形式的宾语）

  • People often talk about that film

  • That film is often talked about

  • We should speak to the old people politely

  • The old people should be spoken to politely

4.6 不及物动词没有被动语态，因为它没有宾语

happen，

  • 错，What was happended
  • 对，What has happended
  • 对，What is happening

4.7 主动形式表示被动意义的词

  • This coat feels soft
  • The pen writes smoothly
  • That book sells well
  • This kind of shirt washes easily

这些词有：

  • 感官动词，look，smell，taste，feel，wear，sound等等
  • 某些及物动词+副词，wash ，write，sell，read，open，cut，shut，keep

4.8 主动语态的否定不定代词nobody/no one，应该转换为被动语态的anybody/ anyone

  • Nobody can answer this question
  • This question can not be answered by anybody

5 总结

参考资料：

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