0 概述

新概念二的内容是语法和词法的全面内容，教材内容主要参考新东方的内容，田静

0.1 官方方法

官方追求学习英语的目的是为了，运用英语。而运用英语的目标在于，听，说，写，读。

因此他采用的方法是：

• 带着问题听和读课文，听和读课文之前先了解课文的问题
• 交互式运用英语的口语和听力，使用教师提问题，和学生提问题（引导式）的方式，来在课堂中运用英语的口语。
• 重点句型和语法通过仿写来运用英语的阅读和写作，根据课文问题引导式写作出课文的摘要写作，并尽量使用课文的重点句型。最后，尝试复述故事。

0.2 新东方方法

0.2.1 宏观编排

新概念英语的编排：

• 一册，基础入门阶段，对于0基础的群众比较适合
• 二册，入门，讲解英语的所有基础知识
• 三册，提高，将英语的基础知识实际应用和组合起来
• 四册，高级，英语的赏析阶段

0.2.2 二册内容

英语的基础知识是所有提高能力的前提，也就是“听说读写译”的前提，而基础是什么，两点：

• 词汇
• 语法

那我们应该背诵所有的词汇和搭配，背诵语法知识点吗？不对，这样效率很低，而且知识点之间缺乏联系，关键在于：

• 词法，将单词划分为多个大类，了解每类词法的核心规则，通过以词法作为粗粒度来进行学习，从而避免以单词作为细粒度的死记硬背。
• 句法，语法的关键就两点，如何说好一件事，以及如何将多件事合并起来说成一件事。

词法+句法的学习方法，是突破词汇+语法的关键。

新概念二册总共分为4个单元，24课每单元，他们的特点是：

• 横向渐进
• 纵向加深

横向渐进体现在：

• 第一单元，如何说好一件事，简单句。
• 第二单元，如何将多件事合并起来说成一件事，并列句和复合句。
• 第三单元，巩固并且简化，并列句和复合句在部分情况下可以简化为非谓语动词
• 第四单元，融会贯通，串联知识点

纵向加深体现在：

• 形容词的比较级，第一单元讲了比较级和最高级，第二单元讲了平级，第三单元讲了比较级转换为最高级，难度逐步加深，但是都在讲同一个事情。
• 条件状语从句，第一单元讲了真实情况的条件状语从句，第二单元讲了虚拟情况的条件状语从句，难度逐步加深，但是都在讲同一个事情。

整个新概念英语的课文设计是科学完整的语法体系，是一本经典的英语教材。

0.2.3 学习方法

推荐的学习方式是：

• 先看生词的讲解
• 自学课文并寻找自己不太懂的结构和句子
• 看课文+语法的讲解
• 拓展和联系

注意，不要看完了全部讲解才看课文，这样就没意思了，缺少自省的过程。

要不要背诵课文：

• 熟读而且理解的情况下，能够背诵课文是一件自然而然的事情，如果背诵课文遇到了很大的困难，可能是理解词法和句法上出现了问题导致的。
• 最不可取的情况是，盲目背诵课文，而没有真正理解课文的知识点，那么，这种情况背诵课文没有意义。
• 关键依然在理解课文，熟读课文上。

0.3 我的方法

0.3.1 教材

• 先看课文生词，或者生词的讲解
• 来来回回盲听课文，尽量将每个单词都听清楚，听不清楚的地方做好记号，然后对照课文，将听力上的混淆点圈起来
• 看新东方的讲解，并做笔记
• 对照译文口头翻译英文，并熟读课文
• 听听力跟读课文，注意听力中停顿，重读，连读，弱读的地方
• 对照译文写课文
• 做习题，结束，习题是最省时间的一步

0.3.2 扩展

目标：

• 看原版书籍
• 无字幕无翻译听懂美剧和广播
• 能完成基础的口语表达，不追求演讲
• 不追求写作

参考方法：

• 二语习得,大量可理解输入 + 刻意输出。
• 透析法
• 听力
• 听力资料
• 英语原版书资料
• 零基础自学方法
• 恶魔奶爸

方法论：

• 不背单词，单词缺乏语境难以理解和实际使用
• 不刻意学语法，新概念4册足够弥补中级别的语法知识了
• 透析阅读，坚持i+1的原著阅读，直奔主题更快锻炼技能。透是指海量阅读，分级依次向高级阅读，每页大概少于10个生词是最好的，这样既不会生词而不能理解内容，又能积累生词。生词均当天记录到“欧陆词典”或者“Vocabulary. com”，当天复习后，隔天能回忆的删掉，隔天不能回忆的继续保留。
• 坚持i+1的听力材料
• 英语学习的过程，是首先是有意识的外显知识积累，然后通过海量阅读，听写，交互口语来内隐知识，让语言不需要经过仔细思考就能脱口而出。6岁以下小孩可以直接跳过外显的部分，直接进入内隐学习。

分级原著书单如上

听力工具：每日英语听力

初级听力材料：

• 《赖世雄精准美国英语音标发音指南》
• 《American Pronunciation Workshop》
• 《The American Accent Course》
• 《Mastering the American Accent》
• 《American Accent Training》

中级听力材料：

• 《Peppa Pig》
• 《ESL Podcast》
• 《EnglishPod》
• 《狮子王》
• 《Friends》和《老友记》

高阶听力材料：

• 《TED》
• 《VOA常速》
• 《BBC》
• 《经济学人》

口语的关键在于：

• 精听，加强输入
• 倒迫输出，概述文章，英文复述当天事件

1 Lesson 1

1.1 单词

private[ˈpraɪvɪt]，adj. 私人的（私密的，私立的）。privacy[ˈprɪvəsi]，n. 隐私。注意，两者读音都是[praɪ]前缀，只是一个是[vite]，另外一个是[vəsi]

• a private conversation
• a private school/car

反义词为，public[ˈpʌblɪk]，adj. 公共的，公开的

theatre[ˈθɪətə(r)]，n. 剧院，戏院

• go to the theatre

生气

• angry[ˈæŋɡri]，adj. 生气的
• angrily[ˈæŋɡrəli]，adv. 生气地

区分adj.与adv. 的一个例句为：

• The angry boy shouted angrily.

大声

• loud[laʊd]，adj. 大声的
• loudly[ˈlaʊdli]，adv. 大声地

粗鲁

• rude[ruːd]，adj. 无礼的，粗鲁的
• rudely[ˈruːdli]，adv. 无礼地，粗鲁地

attention[əˈtenʃ(ə)n]，n. 注意。重点词汇。

• pay attention to sb./sth. 集中留意xxx，集中注意xx，We pay attention to the new words.
• not pay any attention. 没有理会，They did not pay any attention.
• have your attention，请注意这边，较礼貌的说法，例句，May I have your attention, please?
• Attention, please，请注意这边，较直接的说法
• attract/catch/draw one’s attention. 吸引某人的注意

bear[beə(r)]，v. 容忍。n. 熊.

• vt. I could not bear it.

1.2 语法

1.2.1 简单陈述句

简单陈述句的含义：

• 陈述句，就是指只有陈述的句子，句型用处最多的，是疑问句，祈使句，感叹句等其他句型的基础。
• 简单句，就是指只描述一件事的句子，它是长难句的基础。

因此，我们可以看到，简单陈述句是最为基础的句子结构，它是其他高级句型的基础。

简单陈述句的学习要点：

• 核心，
• 语序
• 结构的变化，
• 谓语动词的变化

第一点，简单陈述句的核心，一主一谓

• Birds fly.
• We walk.
• I have a seat.
• The play was interesting.

第二点，简单陈述句的语序，主谓宾

中文语序

• 你吃苹果。对的
• 苹果吃你。错的
• 你苹果吃。错的

了解核心以后，还需要了解语序，才能组成一个正确的句子，例如在中文中，就只有第一个句子是对的。但是，在日语中，却只有第三个句子是对的。

英文的语序总体与中文语序是相似的，但依然有区别的地方：

• The policeman arrested the thief. 对的
• The thief arrested the policeman.错的

第三点，简单陈述句的结构变化

• Boys talk.
• Boys were talking.
• Lovely bokys were talking loudly.
• Yesterday after class lovely boys were talking loudly about the exam in the classroom.

因此，我们需要了解结构，包括有，核心，时态，形容词，副词，介词短语表状语（时间，地点目的等等）

第四点，简单陈述句的谓语动词的变化，三态一否

• 时态
• 语态
• 情态
• 否定。

例如：

• They were talking loudly. 时态变化，谓语动词，were talking。
• It was bought by my grandfather. 语态变化，被动语态，谓语动词，was bought
• I could not hear the actors. 情态变化，情态动词，谓语动词，could not hear
• I did not enjoy it. 否定变化，谓语动词，did not enjoy

要注意的是，我们说的谓语动词，是指一个整体，而没有说仅仅一个单词，就像以上的例子一样

1.2.2 连词成句

• the film I enjoyed yesterday.

• I enjoyed the film yesterday.

• 或者，Yesterday I enjoyed the film.

• games played yesterday in their room the children quietly.

• The children played games in their room quietly yesterday.

• 或者The children played games quietly in their room yesterday.

1.2.3 简单陈述句的分类

分类：

• 主谓，They meet.
• 主谓宾，I love you.
• 主谓双宾，I tell you a secret. 第3课详细讲解
• 主谓宾宾补，I find you interesting. 第4课详细讲解
• 主系表，You are beautiful.

细分：

• 主谓，They meet. 动词是vi. 不及物
• 主谓宾，I love you. 动词是vt. 及物

动词是什么类型，决定了是什么句型（主谓还是主谓宾）。而动词是什么类型，由动词自身的意思来决定。例如：

• 游泳，swim，没啥动词承受者，所以是vi. I swim.
• 打，beat，显然需要有动词的承受者，所以是vt. I beat him.

主系表的来源：

你很漂亮。在中文中，主语“我”，可以直接加“很漂亮”，中间是不需要动词的。但是英文不行，因为简单陈述句的核心必须是“一主一谓”，“我”和“很漂亮”之间缺少了谓语，是无法成为句子的，因此：

• I very pretty. 错误!
• I am very pretty. 正确！

其中的be动词，am就成为了连系动词，它的意义在连系主语，和表语，作谓语成分，没有具体的实际意思。

系动词的情况有：

• be动词（单独出现），例如，be doing（进行时），be done（被动语态），be going to（将来时）里面的be都不算是系动词，因为它们不是单独出现的。
• get，become，turn，go，grow，这几个表达“变得”语义的时候。例如，He go to school里面的go表达的是“到”的含义，这个时候它不是连系动词。Something go wrong里面的go表达的是“变得”的含义，这个时候它是连系动词。
• 感官动词，look/sound/smell/taste/feel，表达看起来/听起来/闻起来/品尝起来/感觉起来的时候，它是连系动词。

例句：

• The play was very interesting.
• 主系表结构，be动词单独出现
• They were talking loudly.
• 不是主系表结构，be动词非单独出现，were talking才是谓语
• I got very angry.
• 主系表结构，got是“变得”的意思。
• China won the match and the crowd went wild!
• 主系表结构，go是“变得”的意思
• Her face went red.
• 主系表结构，她的脸变红了，go是“变得”的意思

1.3 课文

1.3.1 重点句型

要点句子：

• I got very angry.

• got翻译为，变得。相对于was，强调了变化的过程。

• I turn round. = I turn around.

1.3.2 none of

• It’s none of your business.
• none of sth. = no sth.

none of的例子积累

• None of the money is mine.

• 这些钱中没有一分是我的。

• None of the students knows of the exam.

• 学生们谁都不知道考试的事

• It’s none of you business.

• It’s no your business.

• It isn’t your business.

• I found none.

• I found none of the students.

• I found no one.

• I didn’t find anyone.

• I haven’t got any chocolate.

• I don’t have any chocolate.

• I’ve got no chocolate.

• I’ve got none of the chocolate.

• I’ve got none.

• There aren’t any books on that shelf.

• There are no books on that shelf.

• There are none of the books on that shelf.

• There are none on that shelf.

1.4 扩展

1.4.1 词性的重要性

在中文中，词性是弱化的。在英文中，词性是强化的，每个词语都有自己的词性，不能乱用。

• 这是一次私密的对话
• 他们之间用英语来对话。

“对话”这个词，在中文里面，既可以作名词，也可以作动词。

但是，在英语中，

• conversation[ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃ(ə)n]，n. 名词
• converse[kənˈvɜːs]，v. 动词

“对话”这个意思，在不同的词性下有不同的单词。组句为：

• It is a private conversation.
• They converse with each other in English

1.5 积累

1.5.1 不规则变化的动词

不规则变化的动词，变化形式有：

• 原形
• 过去式，只有一般过去时的时候使用
• 过去分词，在完成时，被动语态，非谓语动词都有使用
• 现在分词，在进行时，非谓语动词都有使用

第一组，过去式不变：

• cut[kʌt] - cut - cut - cutting，切，割
• let[let] - let - let - [letting]，让
• put[pʊt] - put - put ，放
• cost[kɒst] - cost - cost，花费，值
• hurt[hɜːt] - hurt - hurt，使…伤痛
• read[riːd] - read - read，读。注意，过去式和过去分词的读音不同了，读为[red]
• set[set] - set - set - setting，落下，安置
• burst[bɜːst] - burst[bɜːst] - burst[bɜːst]，爆裂

第二组，过去式是ew结尾

• fly[flaɪ] - flew[fluː] - flown[fləʊn]，飞
• blow[bləʊ] - blew[bluː] - blown[bləʊn]，吹
• draw[drɔː] - drew[druː] - drawn[drɔːn]，画
• grow[ɡrəʊ] - grew[ɡruː] - grown[ɡrəʊn]，生长
• know[nəʊ] - knew[njuː] - known[nəʊn]，知道
• throw[θrəʊ] - threw[θruː] - thrown[θrəʊn]，扔

第三组，过去式是变i为a的

• begin[bɪˈɡɪn] - began[bɪˈɡæn] - begun[bɪˈɡʌn]，开始
• drink[drɪŋk] - drank[dræŋk] - drunk[drʌŋk]，喝
• sing[sɪŋ] - sang[] - sung[]，唱
• swim[swɪm] - swam[swæm] - swum[swʌm] - [swimming]，游泳
• ring[rɪŋ] - rang[] - rung[]，打电话
• forbid[fəˈbɪd] - forbad[fəˈbæd] - forbidden[fəˈbɪd(ə)n] - forbidding[fəˈbɪdɪŋ]，禁止

第四组，过去式是t结尾的

• feel[fiːl] - felt[felt] - felt[felt]，感到
• keep[kiːp] - kept[kept] - kept[kept]，保持
• leave[liːv] - left[left] - left[left] - [leaving]，离开
• sleep[sliːp] - slept[slept] - slept[slept]，睡
• sweep[swiːp] - swept[swept] - swept[swept]，扫
• send[send] - sent[sent] - sent[sent]
• spoil[spɔɪl] - spoiled[spɔɪld]/spoilt[spɔɪlt] - [spoiled]/spoilt[spɔɪlt]
• build[bɪld] - built[bɪlt] - built[bɪlt]，建造
• spend[spend] - spent[spent] - [spent]，花费
• burn[bɜːn] - burnt[bɜːnt] - burnt[bɜːnt]，燃烧
• creep[kriːp] - crept[krept] - crept[krept]，爬行
• smell[smel] - smelled[smeld]/smelt[smelt] - smelled[smeld]/smelt[smelt]，闻起来
• sleep[sliːp] - slept[slept] - slept[slept]，睡眠
• leap[liːp] - leaped[liːpt]/leapt[lept] - leaped[liːpt]/leapt[lept]，跳跃
• rebuild[ˌriːˈbɪld] - rebuilt[ˌriːˈbɪlt] - rebuilt[ˌriːˈbɪlt]，重建

第五组，过去式是ht结尾

• catch[kætʃ] - caught[kɔːt] - caught[kɔːt]，抓
• teach[tiːtʃ] - taught[tɔːt] - taught[tɔːt]，教
• buy[baɪ] - bought[bɔːt] - bought[bɔːt]
• think[θɪŋk] - thought[θɔːt] - thought[θɔːt]

第六组，过去式是变e或变i

• meet[miːt] - met[] - met[]，遇见
• get[ɡet] - got[ɡɒt] - got[ɡɒt]/gotten[ˈɡɒtn] - getting[ˈɡetɪŋ]，得到
• sit[sɪt] - sat[sæt] - sat[sæt] - sitting[ˈsɪtɪŋ]，坐
• win[wɪn] - won[wʌn] - won[wʌn] - [winning]，赢
• hold[həʊld] - held[held] - held[held]，举行

第七组，过去式是d结尾的

• make[meɪk] - made[meɪd] - made[meɪd] - [making]，制造
• hear[hɪə(r)] - heard[hɜːd] - [heard]，听见

第八组，其他

• go[ɡəʊ] - went[went] - gone[ɡɒn]
• have[hæv; həv] - had[hæd; həd] - had[hæd; həd] - having[ˈhævɪŋ]
• do[duː; də] - did[dɪd] - done[dʌn]
• be[biː; bi] - was[wɒz; wəz]/were[wɜː(r); wə(r)] - been[biːn]
• pay[peɪ] - paid[peɪd] - paid[peɪd]
• bear[beə(r)] - bore[bɔː(r)] - borne[bɔːn]
• say[seɪ] - said[sed] - said[sed]
• come[kʌm] - came[keɪm] - come[kʌm] - coming[ˈkʌmɪŋ]
• write[raɪt] - wrote[rəʊt] - written[ˈrɪt(ə)n] - writing[ˈraɪtɪŋ]
• find[faɪnd] - found[faʊnd] - found[faʊnd]
• stand[stænd] - stood[stʊd] - stood[stʊd]
• give[ɡɪv] - gave[ɡeɪv] - given[ˈɡɪv(ə)n] - giving[ˈɡɪvɪŋ]
• eat[iːt] - ate[et; eɪt] - eaten[ˈiːt(ə)n]
• tell[tel] - told[təʊld] - told[təʊld]
• try[traɪ] - tried[traɪd] - tried[traɪd] - trying[ˈtraɪɪŋ]
• steal[stiːl] - stole[stəʊl] - stolen[ˈstəʊlən]
• take[teɪk] - took[tʊk] - taken[ˈteɪkən] - taking[ˈteɪkɪŋ]
• strike[straɪk] - struck[strʌk] - struck[strʌk]
• break[breɪk] - broke[brəʊk] - broken[ˈbrəʊkən]
• drive[draɪv] - drove[drəʊv] - driven[ˈdrɪvn] - driving[ˈdraɪvɪŋ]
• speak[spiːk] - spoke[spəʊk] - spoken[ˈspəʊkən]
• learn[lɜːn] - learned[ˈlɜːnɪd]/learnt[lɜːnt] - learned[ˈlɜːnɪd]/learnt[lɜːnt]
• sell[sel] - sold[səʊld] - sold[səʊld]
• dream[driːm] - dreamed[driːmd]/dreamt[dremt] - dreamed[driːmd]/dreamt[dremt]
• travel[ˈtræv(ə)l] - traveled[ˈtræv(ə)ld]/travelled[ˈtrævld] - traveled[ˈtræv(ə)ld]/travelled[ˈtrævld] - traveling[ˈtræv(ə)lɪŋ]/travelling[ˈtrævəlɪŋ]
• lose[luːz] - lost[lɒst] - lost[lɒst] - losing[ˈluːzɪŋ]
• hang[hæŋ] - hung[hʌŋ] - hung[hʌŋ]，悬挂，吊。
• hang[hæŋ] - hanged[hæŋd] - hanged[hæŋd]，绞死。
• wake[weɪk] - woke[wəʊk] - woken[ˈwəʊkən]，唤醒
• wind[wɪnd] - wound[wuːnd] - wound[wuːnd]，蜿蜒
• fall[fɔːl] - fell[fel] - fallen[ˈfɔːlən]，落
• run[rʌn] - ran[ræn] - run[rʌn] - running[ˈrʌnɪŋ]，跑步
• become[bɪˈkʌm] - became[bɪˈkeɪm] - become[bɪˈkʌm]
• choose[tʃuːz] - chose[] - chosen[ˈtʃəʊzn]，选择
• regret[rɪˈɡret] - regretted[] - regretted[] - regretting[]，后悔
• wear[weə(r)] - wore[wɔː(r)] - worn[wɔːn]，穿着
• rise[raɪz] - rose[rəʊz] - risen[ˈrɪz(ə)n] - rising[ˈraɪzɪŋ]，升起
• hide[haɪd] - hid[hɪd] - hidden[ˈhɪd(ə)n] - hiding[ˈhaɪdɪŋ]，藏匿
• shake[ʃeɪk] - shook[ʃʊk] - shaken[ˈʃeɪkən] - shaking[ˈʃeɪkɪŋ]，摇晃
• forget[fəˈɡet] - forgot[fəˈɡɒt] - forgotten[fəˈɡɒtn] - forgetting[]，忘记
• lead[li:d; led] - led[led] - led[led]，带路
• dig[] - dug[dʌɡ] - dug[dʌɡ] - digging[ˈdɪɡɪŋ]，挖
• speed[spiːd] - sped[sped] - [sped]，飞速
• seek[siːk] - sought[sɔːt] - sought[sɔːt]，搜寻
• fight[faɪt] - fought[fɔːt] - fought[fɔːt]，斗争
• ride[raɪd] - rode[] - ridden[ˈrɪdn] - riding[ˈraɪdɪŋ]，骑马，骑单车

双写：

• nod[nɒd] - nodded[] - nodded[] - nodding[ˈnɒdɪŋ]，点头
• wrap[ræp] - wrapped[ræpt] - wrapped[ræpt] - wrapping[ˈræpɪŋ]，包裹
• drop[drɒp] - dropped[drɒpt] - dropped[drɒpt] - dropping[ˈdrɒpɪŋ]，扔，丢
• prefer[prɪˈfɜː(r)] - preferred[prɪˈfɜːd] - preferred[prɪˈfɜːd] - preferring[]，偏爱
• grab[ɡræb] - grabbed[ɡræbd] - grabbed[ɡræbd] - grabbing[]，抓取

1.5.2 说的说法

说的说法有：

speak[spiːk]，v. 讲话，说话。过去式为spoke。意思有，说话的能力，或者语言。短语有speak to sb./speak to sb. about sth.

• 这孩子很小，还不会说话。
• The baby is too young, he can’t speak。强调的是说话的能力，用speak
• 我会说法语
• I can speak French。强调的是说话的语言，用speak
• 她正在打新，不能和你讲话
• She is typing letters. She can’t speak to you now!。强调的是说话的能力，用speak
• The doctor refused to speak to him about his operation.

talk[tɔːk]，v. 谈话。强调人与人之间谈话的内容，方式，短语有talk about sth./talk to sb.

• 他和你说了什么?
• They are talking and laughing. 强调人与人之间的谈话，用talk
• 他们有说有笑
• The woman will talk for hours about nothing.强调人与人之间的谈话，用talk
• 那个女人就会哇啦哇啦一连胡说上几个小时
• I don’t know what you are talking about. FIXME，为什么不用say
• 我不知道你在说什么
• I don’t know what you are talking about.
• Don’t talk to me like that!
• Don’t talk to strangers.

say[seɪ]，v. 说话的内容。过去式为said。短语有say to sb. / say sth. to sb./say sth.

• 他说这是对的
• He said，“It’s right”。强调的是说话的内容，用say
• What did he say to you. 强调的是说话的内容，用say
• 学会说话
• To lean how to say. 强调的是说话的内容，用say
• 那好吧，那请让他一会给我打过来好吗？
• What did your boss say to him? 强调的是说话的内容，用say
• 你的老板是怎么对他说的？
• He said good-bye to me yesterday.强调的是说话的内容，用say
• 他昨天向我道别了
• I regretted saying it almost at once. Lesson 41

tell[tel]，v. 说话的对象，让某人做某事。短语有tell sb. /tell sb. sth/tell sb. about sth./ tell sb. to do sth./tell a story.

• OK, tell him to call me later. 强调的是让某人做某事，用tell sb. to do sth.
• 天知地知，你知我知
• Just between you and me。Don’t tell others。强调的是说话的对象。用tell sb.
• 你能告诉我到国王街的路吗？
• Can you tell me the way to King Street. 强调的是说话的对象。用tell sb. sth.
• 他昨天告诉了我那个故事
• He told me that story yesterday. 强调的是说话的对象。用tell sb. sth.
• He told me about the man yesterday. 强调的是说话的对象。用tell sb. about sth.一般about后面的不是story，不是way，不是it，而是模糊的关于某物的事情。

另外，只有It’s what he said to me. 和It’s what he told me. 没有，It’s what he told to me.FIXME. Lesson 47的例题5

2 Lesson 2

2.1 单词

until[ʌnˈtɪl]，prep. 直到

• until lunchtime. 直到午饭时候
• until now. 直到现在
• until recently. 直到最近
• until the last moment. 直到最后一刻

注意，until不是现在完成时的时间状语，例如：

• I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.

应该将until xxx看成一个时刻，就像at xxx是一样的，它只是可以跟名词，而不是跟数词而已。

outside[ˌaʊtˈsaɪd]，adv. 外面

• inside
• upside
• upside down，上下翻滚

ring[rɪŋ]，v. (铃，电话等)响，n. 圈，环

• aunt[ɑːnt]，n. 阿姨。和妈妈同一辈，但又不是妈妈的女性亲戚。
• uncle[ˈʌŋk(ə)l]，n. 叔叔。和爸爸同一辈，但又不是爸爸的男性亲戚。

repeat[rɪˈpiːt]，v. 重复

-re前缀的单词有：

• retell[ˌriːˈtel]，复述
• rewrite[ˈriːraɪt]，重写
• rediscover[ˌriːdɪˈskʌvə(r)]，重新发现
• rebroadcast[ˌriːˈbrɔːdkɑːst]，重播

再说一次，的说法有：

• Repeat，错误，这样说太粗鲁了
• Pardon?
• I beg your Pardon?
• Sorry?
• Excuse me?
• Say it again?

2.2 语法

2.2.1 时态

时态的意思是，时间+状态。注意，不是时间 + 语态

时间有：

• 现在
• 过去
• 将来
• 过去将来

状态有：

• 一般
• 进行
• 完成
• 完成进行

因此：

• 理论上有16种时态
• 实际上只有13种的时态
• 重点日常使用只有8种的时态

时态在英语中，是通过“谓语动词”的变化来体现，不是通过修饰用的单词来体现。

2.2.2 一般现在时

何时使用：

• 现在经常性习惯性的动作，起床，唱歌，跳舞，下班。
• 现在经常的状态，美，忙，闲，挺好的。
• 永恒，科学事实，客观真理，名言警句。

注意状态与动作的区别，动作通常是实义动词，状态通常是形容词，名词，副词等。

第一种用法的例句有：

• I usually get up at six o’clock
• We have the English class every day.
• I never get up early on Sundays. 使用了Sunday的复数，意思是每逢周日
• I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.

第二种用法的例句有：

• This is my handbag.
• I am a teacher.
• It’s one o’clock

第三种用法的例句有：

• The earth is round.
• The earth moves around the sun.
• Practice makes perfect.

结构：

• 经常的状态；主语+ is/am/are + 非动词。
• 习惯的动作；主语+ v. （动词）。三单后面
• 表示永恒。两种都有。主语 + is/am/are + 非动词。 主语 + v. （动词）The earth is round. The sun rises in the east.

在第二种结构: 主语+ v. （动词） ，我们常常搭配实义动词。而实义动词，在一般现在时中是需要变化的，变化的规则有：

• 主语为非三单 + 动词原形。
• 主语为三单 + 动词s/es。动词末端加s，还是es的规则和名词变复数的规则一致，看8.4.1节

非三单和三单的意思是：

• 非三单，包括有第一，第二，第三人称复数，可数名词单数，不可数名词，例如I，we，you，they，Lucy and Lily
• 三单，包括有第三人称单数，例如，she，he，it

三单：第三人称单数，she/he/it，包括有：

• Lucy,Sam,Mr.Lee,his sister,
• this book,that student,Beijing,
• my uncle, her dog,
• Persident Trump
• the teacher, her husband
• the moon

例句有：

• He loves his grilfriend very much.
• Jim and Lily walk to school every day.
• They drink beer every night.
• My dog watches TV at night.
• THe student goes to school on foot.
• Sam and I eat together.

2.2.3 一般现在时的否定和疑问

简单，直接看例句

• He is happy.

• He is not happy.

• Is he happy?

• How is he?

• You like English.

• You do not like English.

• Do you like English?

• What do you like?

• He likes English.

• He does not like English.

• Does he like English?

• What does he like?

2.2.4 现在进行时

主语 + is/am/are + doing

陈述句的方式比较简单，就是be动词 + 现在分词。在这里，be动词不能称为be动词，而是称为助动词。因为句子结构中只有一个动词，这个动词是doing，is/am/are仅仅是在于辅助的作用而已，所以它不能称为be动词，而是作为“助动词”。

助动词的意义在于：

• 帮助现在分词的形式
• 自身没有语义
• 不能省略，必须存在，是语法结构的必须成分

最后，谓语是 is/am/are + doing，两者结合为谓语成分。例句有：

• He is reading
• He is eating
• He is playing
• They are singing
• He is running
• She is writing

现在进行时的场景：

• 表示现在正在进行的事情，此时此刻，或者现阶段，重点！
• 表示将来确定要发生的事情，重点！

第一种的例句有：

• I am having breakfast now.
• He is now working in a bank.
• J.K. Rowling is writing another book this year.

第二种的例句有：

• I am coming to see you.
• We are arriving at …
• The old man is dying.

现在进行时常有now的陪伴

• Do you have any books about the UK? Yes, quite a lot, I am looking for a special one for you right now.
• ‘Do you want something, or are you just looking?’ said the shop assistant. 其中，want不会用于进行时
• The police are now investing the matter. P348 课文

2.2.5 现在进行时的否定和疑问

简单，看例句：

• He is listening.
• He is not listening.
• Is he listening?
• What is he doing?

2.2.6 频率副词

频率副词有：

• always
• usually
• frequently
• often，相当于frequently
• sometimes
• seldom
• rarely
• hardly
• never
• ever

频率副词常见用于一般现在时，但也可以用在其他时态中。

反义词关系有：

• rarely - often
• never - always

频率副词的位置比较特别，情系后实义前。

2.2.7 感叹句

感叹句的两种句型

• How + adj..
• What + n. 

感叹句的How与What是不需要翻译的，仅是用来支撑感叹句的语法结构而已。相对于What，How的特点是，缺少感叹的对象，只有感叹的感情色彩。

例如：

• How beautiful. = What a beautiful day.
• How busy. = What a busy day.
• How hot. = What a hot room.
• How pretty. = What a pretty girl.
• How lovely. = What a lovely flower.
• How expensive. = What an expensive bag.
• How interesting. = What an interesting story.

感叹句的a/an，不是用a/an的规则和单复数一样，不可数名词和可数名词复数没有a/an

• What cold water. 其中，water是不可数名词，没有a/an
• What lovely girls. 其中，girls是复数名词，没有a/an
• What a beautiful ship. 其中，ship是可数名词单数，需要用a/an

我们探讨一下，感叹句是怎样演变过来的。

• It’s a terrible day! 我们在书面上在简单陈述句用感叹号来表达感叹，但力度不高。
• What a terrible day it is! 将主谓挪到后面
• What a terrible day! 省略主谓
• What a day! 根据上下文，我们甚至可以省略形容词

例句有：

• This is a wonderful world. = What a wonderful world (this is)!
• It is a surprise. = What a surprise (it is)!
• He is causing a lot of trouble! = What a lot of trouble he is causing!，注意，不能省略主谓
• What a pity. 多么遗憾

2.3 课文

2.3.1 重点句型

注意翻译：

• 我刚下火车
• I’ve just arrived by train.
• 天啊
• Dear me.

stay[steɪ]，v.，呆在，停留（短暂停留），组合有：

• stay + at，较小的地点
• stay + in，较大的地点，城市或者国家
• 但是，stay in bed，躺在床上，stay就不再是停留的意思，而是躺的意思。

2.4 扩展

2.4.1 现在进行时和一般现在时的对比

范文感受：

• I am looking out of the window.
• I can see some children in the street.
• The children are playing football.
• They always play football in the street.
• Now a little boy is kicking the ball.
• Another boy is running after him but he can’t catch him.

2.4.2 It的用法

It 的用法有：

• 时间，It was Sunday. / It’s one o’clock.
• 天气，It was dark outside. / It’s raining again.
• 不确定的对象，常用在打电话，和敲门的时候。 Who is it? It’s my aunt Lucy.
• 抽象事物，例如长度，重量，距离
• 形式主语，形式宾语

2.5 积累

2.5.1 地点副词

地点副词有：

• overseas[ˌəʊvəˈsiːz]，adv. 在海外。adj. 海外的
• abroad[əˈbrɔːd]，adv. 国外
• home[həʊm]，adv. 家里
• outside[ˌaʊtˈsaɪd]，adv. 外面
• inside[ˌɪnˈsaɪd]，adv. 里面
• there[ðeə(r)]，adv. 那里
• here[hɪə(r)]，adv. 这里
• downhill[ˌdaʊnˈhɪl; ˈdaʊnhɪl]，adv.下坡。It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. Lesson 56

地点副词的特点是：

• 副词可以直接修饰动词，副词前面不需要in,at等任何介词
• 错误用法，go to abroad/live in abroad.
• 正确用法，go/live/travel/study + abroad. 到国外，be abroad，在国外

2.5.2 不可思议的可数名词

可数名词：

• An interesting climate，climate是可数名词
• A terrible/bad toothache. toothache是可数名词
• A vegetable，一个蔬菜
• instalment，分期付款
• note，纸币
• story，故事
• beard，胡子，一个人的所有胡子，单数。几个人的胡子，复数。
• holidays，复数，Postcards always spoil my holidays./ I would love to come to Australia for a holiday.
• meal，可数名词，He asked for a meal and a glass of beer./After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs.
• salary与wage都是可数名词，复数形式为salaries和wages，一个人的工资是单数，多个人的工资是复数。He gets a good salary.
• performance，n. 演出，可数名词。give five performances. 举行5场演出
• occasion，n. 场合，可数名词。on these occasions, 在这些场合。
• rise，n. 工资增长，可数名词。I promised the workers a rise last month.
• reason，n. 原因，可数名词。There are many reasons why I encourage people to travel.
• dream，n. 梦想。I have a dream.
• field，n. 田野。The boys put up their tent in the middle of a field.
• experience，n. 经历。Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man.
• fright，n. 惊恐。The one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag.
• rest，n. 休息。Debbie intends to take short rests every two hours.
• plain，n. 平原。The aircraft[ˈeəkrɑːft] was able to fly over the endless white plains without difficulty.
• fires，火，可数名词，Forest fires are often caused by broken glass and by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away. Lesson 53/When it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire. Lesson 53
• ends，尾端，可数名词，Forest fires are often caused by broken glass and by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away. Lesson 53
• sparks，火花，可数名词，When it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and tese imeediately started a fire. Lesson 53
• explosions，爆炸声，可数名词，After a great many loud explosions, the race began. Lesson 56
• flood，洪水，可数名词，Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil, but would cause serious floods as well. Lesson 62
• precaution，预防措施，可数名词，Dressed in dark glasses and old clothes, they had taken special precautions so that no one should recognize them. Lesson 74
• picnic，野餐，可数名词，‘This is a wonderful place for a picnic,’ said Gloria Gleam.
• Disguise，伪装，可数名词，But as they soon discovered, Disguises can sometimes be too perfect.

不可数名词：

• What terrible weather，weather是不可数名词
• furniture，不可数名词

既可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词：

• Please give me a chicken. 一整只鸡
• Please give me some chicken. 鸡肉
• Coffee is expensive. I like coffee. 咖啡这个抽象名词
• I’d like a coffee, please. 一杯咖啡
• cake，整个的时候是可数的，切开的时候是不可数的
• Mother bought three cakes of soap yesterday.
• I gave him a piece of cake.
• food，强调食物种类的时候，是可数名词。强调是“食品，食物”的时候，是不可数名词。
• First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.
• repair，表示抽象的“修理行为”时是不可数名词,表示具体的“维修工作”或“维修的地方”时是可数名词。
• A robot-arm from the Endeavour will grab the telescope and hold it while the astronauts make the necessary repairs. Lesson 61
• seed，种子数量的时候，是可数名词，泛指种子的时候，是不可数名词。
• The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.
• success
• He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success.

工作的说法有：

• job[dʒɒb]，n. 工作。职业，可数。
• work[wɜːk]，n. 工作。活儿，不可数。但是，work表示“著作，作品，工厂件”的时候，是可数名词。

例如：

• 他有一份很好的工作
• He has a good job.
• 我有很多工作要做
• I have a lot of work to do.

最后一排，准确来说，不是不定代词，而是副词，他们有，everywhere，nowhere，somewhere，anywhere。另外，注意，no one之间是有空格的，one与body经常是可以混用的。

大概语义上有：

• every-，意思是“每一个”
• no-，意思是“没有”
• some-，意思不再是“一些”，而是“某一”
• any-，意思不再是“一些”，而是“任一”

不定代词都是单数，FIXME

• None of my friends是复数，看练习册Lesson 4,P8
• None of是单数，看课文的Lesson 28. But none of them has been turned to stone yet.而且，1.3.2节的例子也是单数形式

3 Lesson 3

3.1 单词

send[send]，v. 寄，送。过去式和过去分词为，sent[sent]，sent[sent]

• send a card/ a message/ a letter.
• send me a card = send a card to me.
• send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb.

spoil[spɔɪl]，v. 使索然无味，损坏（精神上的）

• Postcards always spoil my holidays.
• damage[ˈdæmɪdʒ]，可修复的损坏，例如钢笔
• destory[]，不可修复的损坏，猛烈的，大范围的损坏。
• ruin[ˈruːɪn]，不可修复的损坏，一点点的，日积月累的损坏

public[ˈpʌblɪk]，

• adj. 公共的。public gardens/schools/opinions.
• 14. 公众，大众。The museum is open to the public on Sundays.
• private，adj. 私人的

friendly[ˈfrendli]，adj. 友好的

• a friendly waiter
• be friendly to. He is friendly to all of us.

waiter[ˈweɪtə(r)]，n. 男性服务员。waitress[ˈweɪtrəs]，n. 女性服务员

lend[lend]，v. 借给，借出。

• lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.
• lend me a book = lend a book to me.
• Can you lend me 200 dollars.

borrow[ˈbɒrəʊ]，v. 借入。注意，没有双宾结构

• borrow sth. (from sb.)

decision[dɪˈsɪʒ(ə)n]，n. 决定

• It is my final decision.
• make a decision. I made a big decition.

decide[dɪˈsaɪd]，v. 决定。可以接动词不定式

• decide to do sth.
• I decided to go abroad for further education.

3.2 语法

3.2.1 一般过去时

一般过去时的用处有：

• 过去经常的状态，主语 + was/were + 非动词
• 过去习惯的动作，主语 + v. (实义动词)
• 真理是没有过去时的说法，真理只有现在时

中文中用“当时”表达过去式，英文用结构来表达过去式。

• am/is/are，be动词的现在式
• be，be动词的原形
• was/were，be动词的过去式

例如：

• She is beautiful
• She was beautiful
• He is a boy
• He was a boy
• You are at home
• You were at home

描述过去的一个例子：

• 当时我上小学
• I was in the primary school
• 当时我穿着红色衣服
• I was in red
• 当时我在最前面
• I was in front
• 当时我左手托着腮帮
• My chin was in my left hand

暗示用一般过去时的线索：

• 时间状语，xxx ago，yesterday，
• 上下文动作，when xxx was …
• 上下文的意思，这点就较难了

例如：

• Last summer I went to Italy.
• Mary and I talked about your book hours ago.
• They had a meeting yesterday.
• Tom was a student when he was ten years ago.
• Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He did much better than I.
• The three of us travelled around Europe for about a month last summer.
• Did you ask Sophia for help? I didn’t need to - I managed perfectly well on my own.
• Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong? Well, I took a test and I’m waiting for the result. 这里有难度，需要用上下文来推测用take的过去式，took.

一般过去时的另外一个重点是，他的动作都是完全发生在过去的，也就是开始于过去，结束也在于过去，跟现在的情况毫无关系。

• She had a boyfriend. 她过去有男朋友，但是现在可能有，可能没有
• I loved you. 我爱过你，但是现在可能爱，可能不爱

FIXME，一个人如果挂了，那么他生前的事情都需要用一般过去时，即使带有every week，often，这些单词。

• My friend, Roy, died last year. He left me many CDs. He bought one or two CDs every week.He often lent CDs to his friends.Sometimes they kept them. He lost many CDs in this way.

一个明信片的范例，注意时态：

I arrived here in Beijing on Wednesday. I am staying（非完全发生在过去，现在还在呆着，用现在进行时） at the Magna Hotel in the centre of the town. I visited two museums on Thursday and I went to the zoo on Friday.People here are （经常的状态，非完全发生在过去）very friendly. I have made（非完成发生在过去，非持续性东西不能用进行时，影响现在，所以非常快乐） a lot of new friends. I am enjoying myself very much.

3.2.2 一般过去时的否定和疑问

看例子：

• You were happy.

• You were not happy.

• Were you happy?

• They had a meeting.

• They didn’t have a meeting.

• Did they have a meeting?

3.2.3 主谓双宾

主谓双宾的要点：

• 宾语总是人+物，不要纠结哪个是直接宾语（物），哪个是间接宾语（人）
• 及物动词的意思是可以同时接人+物的，那么这个及物动词就可以接双宾语
• 及物动词可以接双宾语，不代表它必须要接双宾语，它仍然可以接单宾语
• 转换为物+人的要点，往方向性的用to，往目的性的用for

第一点：

• He lent me a book.

第二点：

• lend，借可以同时人+物
• eat，吃就不能同时人+物了，这个动作没有涉及到两个动作承受者

第三点：

• tell sb. sth. ，I told him the story.
• tell sb. ，Don’t tell others.
• buy sb. sth. ，She bought me a tie.
• buy sth，She buys a tie every week.

第四点，用to还是for，主要看意思，往方向性的用to，往目的性的用for。

双宾动词 + sb. + sth. = 双宾语 + sth. + to/for + sb.

• She gave me a book. = She gave a book to me.
• I cooked him a meal. = I cooked a meal for him.

3.3 课文

3.3.1 重点句型

简单，都没啥好说的

• a few words of Italian. 一些意大利语
• think about sth. 考虑某事
• On the last day. 最后一天
• write a single card. single作为强调a.

3.4 扩展

3.5 积累

3.5.1 主谓双宾的动词

可以使用双宾语的动词很少，包括有

• give/show/take/teach/send/offer/charge/buy/ask
• lend/cook/tell/get/make/write/bring/leave
• pay/hand/sell/find/do/promise/leave/read/order/owe/pass
• name

例句有：

• I give him a book. = I give a book to him.
• 我向他展示了我的新车
• I show my new car to him.
• I show him my new car.
• 我带给了他生日礼物
• I take the birthday present to him.
• I take him the birthday present
• 我教她英语
• I teach English to her.
• I teach her English
• 我寄给他一封信
• I send a letter to him.
• I send him a letter
• 我提供他一份工作
• I offer him a job.
• I offer a job to him.
• 那个警察罚款他$100
• The police charged him $100.
• 我给你买件貂皮大衣
• I will buy you a mink coat.
• I will buy a mink coat for you.
• 我妈妈问我理由
• My mother ask me the reason.
• My mother ask the reason to me. FIXME，用to还是for.
• 汤姆请求她的宽恕
• Tom ask her pardon.
• He lent me a book. = He lent a book to me.
• He cook me a meal. = He cook a meal for me.
• He told me the story. = He told the story to me.
• I get him a car. = I get a car for him.
• I make him a cake. = I make a cake for him.
• I write him a letter. = I write a letter to him.
• I bring him a book. = I bring a book to him.
• He left me a CD. = He left a CD to me.
• He paid the shopkeeper some money. = He paid some money to the shopkeeper.
• Yesterday I paid him a vist.= Yesterday I paid a visit to him.
• He handed me the prize. = He handed the prize to me.
• Hand me the key. = Hand the key to me.
• He sold me a book. = He sold a book to me.
• He found me some material. = He found material for me.
• He did me a big favour. = He did a big favour for me.
• He promised the finder a reward. = He promised a reward to the finder.
• He left her some money. = He left some money to/for her.两个都行，to/for
• He read me the paragraph. = He read the paragraph to me.
• I ordered you some soup = I ordered some soup for you.
• I owe you a lot of money = I owe a lot of money to you. 欠
• Pass your fater a book. = Pass a book to your father.
• name sb. Kituro，双宾结构
• In 1948, he went to Lake Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro.

send与give是相似的，不同在于：

• give是直接的面对面给
• send是通过第三者递给别人，包括寄送，派遣等。

3.5.2 名词转形容词+ly

名词转形容词一般是+ly的，例如：

• lovely[ˈlʌvli]，adj. 可爱的
• lonely[ˈləʊnli]，adj. 孤独的
• timely[ˈtaɪmli]，adj. 及时的
• brotherly[ˈbrʌðəli]，adj. 兄弟般的
• friendly[ˈfrendli]，adj. 友好的
• deadly[ˈdedli]，adj. 致命的
• friendly[ˈfrendli]，adj. 友好的
• manly[ˈmænli]，adj. 男子气概的
• motherly[ˈmʌðəli]，adj. 慈母般的

4 Lesson 4

4.1 单词

exciting[ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ]，adj. 令人兴奋地。excited[ɪkˈsaɪtɪd]，adj. （自己）兴奋的

• an exciting trip.
• exciting news.

receive[rɪˈsiːv]，v. 接收，收到。accept[əkˈsept]，v. 接受。

• receive强调的是客观上接收
• accept强调的是主观上想要
• I received a invitation, but I didn’t accept it.

firm[fɜːm]，n. 商行，公司。company[ˈkʌmpəni]，n. 公司。两个词用法一样。

different[ˈdɪfrənt]，adj. 不同的。difference[ˈdɪfrəns]，n. 不同。词性不同。

centre[ˈsentə(r)]，n. 中心。也可以拼写为center[ˈsentə(r)]

• business centre.
• the city centre.
• in the centre of xxx，地点的中心

abroad[əˈbrɔːd]，adv. 在国外。词性是副词。

4.2 语法

4.2.1 现在完成时

现在完成时的含义是：

• 以前做的事情
• 对现在产生影响的

含义要点：

• 现在完成时同时包含了，现在全部完成，现在和部分完成。所以，当别人说，现在完成时就是指过去已经全部完成的事情，这个说法是肯定错误的。因为部分完成也是完成时的一种说法。
• 关键用法在于，现在完成时，描述的是“现在的之前”，就是从现在的角度看过去。

结构为：主语 + has+ done。三单用has，非三单用have。在这里，has/have是一个助动词，没有实际含义，纯粹是辅助完成时语法需要的单词。因为，我们会说has/have有两个作用，实义动词和助动词。

动词中心说：

• 动词原形，do
• 现在分词，doing
• 三单形式，does
• 过去式，did
• 过去分词，done

现在完成时，需要使用过去分词，为什么现在完成时借用的是过去分词，因为完成时包含了过去完成的时候，对现在产生了影响，动作肯定是过去完成的。

例句有：

• 我已经给房间通过风了
• I have aired the room.
• 他已经看完这部电影了
• He has watched the movie.
• 我们已经到达北京了
• We have arrived in Beijing.注意，arrive搭配at或者in，不能在后面直接加地点，除非是副词home，here这种
• He has finished the homework.
• We have learned English for ten years.

复杂一点的：

• 我已经吃过早饭了
• I have had breakfast. 第一个have是助动词，第二个had是实义动词，吃。
• 他已经度过假了
• He has had his holiday. 第一个has是助动词，第二个had是实义动词，度假
• 她已经理过发了
• She has had a haircut. 第一个has是助动词，第二个had是实义动词，理发

4.2.2 现在完成时的否定和疑问

简单，看例句：

• He has finished the homework.
• He has not finished the homework.
• Has he finished the homework?
• What has he done?

4.2.3 现在完成时的两个语义

现在完成时的两个语义（或用法）

• 用法1，到目前为止已经完成（过去发生，影响现在）。主要强调对现在的影响。例如，I have finished Book 1.过去开始并完成了，到目前影响是，言下之意是，有资格看第二册，第三册等等。
• 用法2，表持续（未完成）。主要强调过去发生了，到现在仍在持续。She has lived in Beijing for ten years. 过去开始了，目前还没完成，到现在还在持续。

用法1的图示，空心点是指动作发生在过去，箭头是指动作的时间段，只知道结束点是现在而已。

用法2的图示，空心点是指动作发生在过去，箭头是指动作的时间段，只知道起始点在过去，结束点是跨过现在的，未知道什么时候结束。

时间状语上的区别：

• 用法1，just, already, before, never, ever, yet…
• 用法2，since，for …

用法2的时间状语

• since + 时间点，自从…
• for + 时间段，长达…

例如：

• 自从2010年他就在这了

• He has lived here since 2010

• 她学英语已经长达10年之久了

• She has studied English for ten years.

• 他们在一起已经两年了

• They have been together for two years.在这里,together是副词。

• 你们结婚多久了？

• How long have you been married?

• 一个月了

• For a month 或者Since a month ago.

• I’ve lived here for twenty years.

• I have been here since 1976

4.2.4 现在完成时的搭配单词

• just
• already，可以放句中，也可以句末，主要用在肯定句中。
• ever
• never
• yet，只能放句末，用在疑问句，和否定句中
• so far，只能放句末
• up to now，只能放句末
• before，只能放句末
• lately，只能放句末
• for + 一段时间

搭配单词中，只有so far/up to now/before是仅用在完成时中，其他的可以用在其他时态中

例句有：

• I have just had breakfast.
• He has been in prison for six months.
• Have you ever met him before?
• The police have not caught the thief yet.

考题：

• Would you like to go and see Avatar with me tonight? Thank you very much, but I have seen it already.
• Up to now, the program have saved thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
• Miss Gao isn’t here. She has gone to the bus station to meet Mr. Brown.
• Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa. Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. 这里比较迷惑，Look后面一般用的是进行时

4.2.5 同位语

同位语

功能：解释名词，或者强调名词的数量。

结构：

• 名词 + 名字。
• 名字 + 名词。
• 名词 + 代词（both/all）。

在同位语结构中，同位语的其中一个词拿走都不影响句子结构。

• While we were having breakfast, our little boy, Tommy found two small coins on the floor.
• our little boy与Tommy是同位语，这两个词任意拿走其中一个都不影响句子结构，这里的同位语结构为名词 + 名字。
• I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.
• He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the center of Australia.

例如：

• China, an ancient country in Asia.

• Linshuhao, a popular basketball player from Taiwan.

• Haidian, a well-known district in Beijing. 其中，famous有闻名，而且好名声的意思。well-known有闻名，但是名声不一定好坏的意思。

• Yangmi, a pretty film star.

• 我来自中国，一个亚洲古老的国家

• I am from China, an ancient country in Asia.

• 我居住在海淀，北京的一个知名的区。

• I live in Haidian, a well-known district in Beijing.

自我介绍的进阶

• Hello, I’m Venus, I’m a teacher. I’m from Shan’xi province. I live in Beijing now.
• Hello, I’m Venus, an English teacher. I’m from Shan’xi province, a nice place in the west of China. I live in Beijing, the capital city of China.

名词 + 代词形式的同位语

• He put them both into his mouth. 其中，them与both是同位语。
• We could not find them all. 其中，them与all是同位语

4.3 课文

4.3.1 重点句型

要点有：

• a great/large number of … / a number of，只能加可数名词复数
• a great deal of …/ a large sum of，只能加不可数名词
• Spring，除了春天，还有，泉水，弹簧的意思。
• He will soon visit Darwin. = He will visit Darwin shortly.

4.4 扩展

4.4.1 -ed与-ing的形容词

-ed与-ing的形容词：

• interested[ˈɪntrəstɪd]，感兴趣的，interesting[ˈɪntrəstɪŋ]，令人感兴趣的
• excited[ɪkˈsaɪtɪd]，激动的，exciting[ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ]，令人激动的
• moved[muːvd]，感动的，moving[ˈmuːvɪŋ]，令人感动的
• surprised[səˈpraɪzd]，惊讶的，surprising[səˈpraɪzɪŋ]，令人惊讶的。
• amused[əˈmjuːzd]，有趣的，amusing[əˈmjuːzɪŋ]，令人有趣的
• embarrassed[ɪmˈbærəst]，尴尬的，窘迫的，embarrassing[ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ]，令人尴尬的

amused强调的是有意思，有快乐，interested强调的是感兴趣，想学习和研究的

区别在于：

• -ed结尾只能描述他自己感到的情感，只能描述人，因为物体自己是不能感到情感的。
• -ing结尾只能描述让其他人，令其他人感到的情感，既可以描述人，也可以描述物体。

例如：

• He was excited.
• It was surprising.
• a moving moment
• moving pictures.
• 这部电影真让人感动啊。
• This movie is moving.
• 她感到特别惊讶
• She is surprised.
• 这个人真有趣
• This man is interesting. 其中，-ing也是可以描述人的。

难度不高，要注意的是，look，expression要用-ing，而不能用-ed

4.4.2 gone to与been to

现在完成时的去有两种说法：

• has/have been to，去过，现在人回来了，往返票
• has/have gone to，去了，现在人还没回来，单程票

例如：

• Where is Jim?

• He has gone to England. 去了，人还没回来

• Have you ever been to Japan.

• Yes, I have been to Japan twice. 去过，人回来了（回来了才能面对面说话）

• I heard the Great Wall is a very exciting place.

• But I have never been there. 去过，人从未去过那里

4.5 积累

4.5.1 介词for

介词for的含义：

• for + 时间，表持续多长时间，可以用在多个时态，不一定是完成时。
• for + 名词，表目的。
• for + 句子，原因状语从句，常用于句末，而不是句首，表达说话对象可能不知道的原因。可以看38.2.2

第一点：

• The woman will talk for hours about nothing. 一般将来时
• The three of us travelled around Europe for about a month last summer. 一般过去时
• We have learned English for ten years. 现在完成时

第二点：

• He is working for a big firm.
• I decided to go abroad for further education.
• In 1858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one-mile tunnel under the English Channel. Lesson 64

第三点：

• He had had a long and uncomortable trip，for he had been confined to the wooden box for over eighteen hours.

5 Lesson 5

5.1 单词

pigeon[ˈpɪdʒɪn]，n. 鸽子。dove[]，n. 鸽子。两种说法都可以。

message[ˈmesɪdʒ]，n. 信息。

• urgent messages, 紧急信息
• short messages, 短信
• send/receive/get + a message，发送/接收/获得一条信息
• leave a message，留下一条信息

distance[ˈdɪstəns], n. 距离。 distant[ˈdɪstənt]，adj. 遥远的

request[rɪˈkwest]，n. 要求，请求

• send requests，发出请求
• refuse a request，拒绝请求

spare[speə(r)]，adj. 空余的，空闲的。v. 节省下来，空余下来，饶恕

• spare time，空余的时间
• a spare room，空置的房间
• What do you do in your spare time? 你空余的时间都做什么？
• I can’t spare the time. 我不能把时间空余下来
• He spared the slave’s life. 他饶了奴隶一命

5.2 语法

5.2.1 现在完成时与一般过去时，微观角度

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别在于：

• 一般过去时强调的是时间，它强调是过去的某个时间执行动作，句子中有具体时刻或者时间的肯定是一般过去时。一般过去时是强调过去的事情，所以有具体的过去时间。
• 现在完成时强调的是完成，它强调的是动作完成了，在过去完成了的，但不强调在过去哪个时间完成的，具体是过去哪个时间做的。现在完成时是强调现在的影响，过去发生在什么时间并不重要，所以没有具体的过去时间。

用法：

• 现在完成时：过去发生，影响现在
• 一般过去时：过去发生，与现在无关

时间状语：

• 现在完成时：时间状语是含糊的，just, already, never, ever, yet，so far，up to now，before, lately，for + 一段时间

• 一般过去时：时间状语是具体的，yesterday/this morning, last year/month …, ten years/… ago, just now…

• He fought in Flanders in the First World Cup.

• I applied for a telephone over a year ago. I filled in a form and paid a deposit. You promised to install a phone at once , but I am still waiting.

现在完成时的两种情况：

• 全部完成，He has finished the homework. 动作发生在过去，并且在过去已经结束了。这种情况下是可以转换为一般过去时的。He finsihed the homework. 但是两者的强调点不同，一般过去时强调过去发生了，现在完成时强调过去发生了，且影响持续到现在。这种情况下，现在完成时和一般过去时动作自身表达的意思是相同的。
• 部分完成，We have learned English for ten years. 动作发生在过去，但只是部分完成，直到现在还没结束。这种情况下，是不可以换成一般过去时的。We learned English for ten years. 一般过去时的意思是，在过去开始学习，而且也在过去结束了。这种情况下，现在完成时和一般过去时动作自身表达的意思是不同的。

以上的结论也说明了，一般过去时，总是开始于过去，结束也在于过去。

有last month，肯定是B. went

有因果关系，强调了前因影响（导致）了现在的结果，肯定是C. have spent.

挺简单的，没啥好说

5.2.2 现在完成时与一般过去时，宏观角度

我们从宏观角度，理解为什么需要现在完成时：

• 他在那里迄今为止呆了6个月
• He was there for six months. 错误，因为一般过去时动作是开始于过去，结束于过去，但是中文翻译是持续到现在。
• He is there for six months. 错误，因为一般现在时是动作是开始于现在，结束于现在，他表达了这六个月可能是前3个月在今天之前，后3个月在今天之后的意思。

可以看出，一般现在时和一般过去时，都没有准确表达迄今为止呆了6个月的意思。因为我们缺乏一个开始于过去，结束（持续）于现在的时态。而这个时态就是现在完成时。

• He has been there for six months.
• 发生于过去，结束（持续）于现在，表达了部分完成的动作。

我们进一步扩展现在完成时的功能，有些时候，我们需要表达开始于过去，但是影响持续到现在。注意，是影响，不是动作持续到现在，动作在过去已经结束了。这显然是全部完成的情况。

• They have spent all their money, so they have to walk home.
• spent的动作开始于过去，结束也在于过去，但是影响持续到现在，所以他们现在需要走路回家。

以上，就是现在完成时的宏观意义。

5.2.3 现在完成时的语用功能

现在完成时的语用功能：

• 引起具体话题，例如你考过雅思吗？你去过纽约吗？Have you been to New York?
• 阶段性的总结，He has always been a good neighbour.
• 因果关系，They have spent all their money, so they have to walk home.

现在完成时的生动用法：

• I love you.
• Always have. always will.
• I always have loved you, and I always will love you.

5.3 课文

5.3.1 重点句型

要点：

• his private servie，他的私人服务，服务是他的，但可能不是他一个拥有的。his own private servie. 他的私人服务，而且仅仅只有他一个拥有。own强调了仅有他一个人拥有。
• 这个，那个…，from one … to the other，注意other后面没东西
• 这些，那些…，from some … to the others，
• cover the distance，走完全程
• sp. be xxx from sp. 例如，Pinhurst is only 5 miles from Silbury.
• begin sth. 开始了xxx，He has begun his own private servie.

5.4 扩展

5.4.1 许多的说法

• a lot of，可数和不可数名词
• many，a great/large number of, a number of，a great many，large amounts of，可数名词
• much, a great/large deal of, a great/large sum of，a great much, a large amount of，不可数名词
• plenty of，可数和不可数名词，还带有言下之意，许多，而且保证足够使用

5.5 积累

5.5.1 名词转形容词ce改t

• distance[ˈdɪstəns]，n. 距离。distant[ˈdɪstənt]，adj. 遥远的
• difference[ˈdɪfrəns]，n. 不同，差异。different[ˈdɪfrənt]，adj. 不同的
• importance[ɪmˈpɔːt(ə)ns]，n. 重要。important[ɪmˈpɔːt(ə)nt]，adj. 重要的
• confidence[ˈkɒnfɪdəns]，n. 信心。confident[ˈkɒnfɪdənt]，adj. 有信心的
• convenience[kənˈviːniəns]，n. 方便。convenient[kənˈviːniənt]，adj. 方便的

5.5.2 短语way

• In this way, he has begun his own private ‘telephone’ servie. 以这种方式，就这样，in this way.
• Please move this chair. It is in the way. 挡路了，in the/one’s way，没挡路，out of the/one’s way.
• You can make the cake in the way I have told you. 以…方式，in the way
• On the way to school, he bought a pen. 在…路上，on the/one’s way …
• By the way, have you seen Harry recently. 顺便说一下，by the way
• In a way, it is an important book. 某种程度上，in a way

5.5.3 单词cover

这里主要表达单词只有一个基本含义，其他含义都是由基本含义在不同上下文衍生出来的。我们在记忆单词的时候，仅需要记忆单词的基本含义就可以了。在实际上下文中，由基本含义代入自动推断出实际含义即可（代入，然后说人话）。

cover[ˈkʌvə(r)]，v. 覆盖。覆盖就是它的基本含义。

• Snow covered the ground.覆盖
• We covered five miles on foot yesterday. 覆盖->越过
• The bird covered five miles. 覆盖->越过
• The book covered 10 chapters. 覆盖->包含
• I laughed to cover my nervousness. 覆盖->掩盖
• Cover me! I’m going in! 覆盖->掩护

词本无意，意由境生

越过的用法：

• We covered five miles on foot yesterday.
• The bird covered the distance in three minutes.
• During that time,she covered a a distance of eight miles.

6 Lesson 6

6.1 单词

beggar[ˈbeɡə(r)]，n. 乞丐。beg[beɡ]，v. 乞讨；乞求，恳求。

• beg for food/help.
• I beg your Pardon? = Pardon? Pardon的原意是原谅。

food[fuːd]，n. 食物。不可数名词。

pocket[ˈpɒkɪt]，n. 衣服口袋。

• pocket money， 零钱。

call[kɔːl]，v. 呼喊。引申为，打电话，拜访，光顾

• call on sb. / call at sp. 注意，根据后面不同名词使用不同介词
• He calls on his grandfather every week.
• He calls at every house in the street once a month.
• 相当于visit sb./sp.，但visit不需要介词。

6.2 语法

6.2.1 冠词

冠词的分类：

• 定冠词，the，表示特指
• 不定冠词，a/an，表示泛指
• 零冠词，不加冠词

我们本节着重介绍定冠词和不定冠词，零冠词暂时不讨论

不定冠词的场景：

• 不明确的对象，I am hungry. I want an apple.
• 首次提到的对象，I saw a dog in Bridge Street yesterday.

定冠词的场景：

• 明确的对象，I want the apple in your hand.
• 再次提到的对象，The dog was really cute.

指示代词this,that,these,those的场景：

• 绝大部分情况下，英语很少使用this dog is very cute的用法，指示代词+名词的用法很少，虽然语法没错。更多时候用的是，The dog is very cute，这种定冠词的用法。
• 仅在手指指的情况下，才使用指示代词 + 名词

对象与可数名词的特性：

• 可数名词单数，泛指用a/an，特指用the
• 可数名词复数，不可数名词，泛指用some/不加冠词，特指用the

例句：

• air pollution is a serious problem.
• The air pollution of Beijing must be solved at once.
• Lisa gave me tea as a gift. 不可数名词泛指，不加冠词
• The tea tasted good.
• Last month I bought a CD.
• The CD is about the Civil War, and I found the CD very interesting.
• I knock at the door and ask for a meal and a glass of beer. 只能用knock at the door，不能用knock at a door.

6.3 课文

6.3.1 重点句型

全文的重点句子有：

• Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door.
• He asked for a meal and a glass of beer.
• I gave him a meal.
• He ate the food and drank the beer. 注意，这里的food与beer是用the，因为不仅是二次出现，而且在语义上和ask for的东西是相同东西
• In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs.
• He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass for beer. 注意，这里的food与beer用a/an，因为虽然是二次出现，但是在语义上和ask for的东西不是相同东西，意思就是任意的一顿饭和一瓶啤酒即可。

要点：

• knock at 或者knock on，后面接my door.
• meal是可数名词，因此是a meal
• ask sth. 或者ask sb. for sth.
• move to. 搬家。Has Ian moved to his new house yet?
• later，后来

6.4 扩展

6.5 积累

6.5.1 短语动词look

look，看

• look，看，at，在，所以look at是看着

• Come and look at my photograph album.

• look，看，for，为了，所以look for是“寻找”

• I am looking for my pen. I lost it this morning.

• look，看，after，在…后面，所以look after是“照顾”

• Will you look after the children for me please?

6.5.2 短语动词put

put，放

• put，放。

• I put your book on the shelf.

• put，放，on，在…上面，所以put on是穿上

• I put on my hat and left the house.

6.5.3 短语动词knock

knock，敲

• knock，敲，at，在，所以knock at是敲在

• A beggar knocked at my door.

• knock，敲，over，翻滚，所以knock … over是撞翻。注意，over是短语搭配的第二个单词over是往前修饰，不是往后修饰的

• A car knocked the boy over.

• knock，敲，out，外面，policeman out，警察在外面，所以knock … out是撞晕

• In the fight, the thief knocked the policeman out.

• The match ended when the champion knocked out the other boxer.

• knock off，撞倒，下班，折扣

• I knocked the vase off the table and broke it.

• knock，敲，off，脱离，所以knock … off是碰掉了，撞倒了

• He finishes his work and always knocks off at 6:00

• knock，敲，off，脱离，所以knock off是下班

• The shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill.

• knock，敲，off，脱离，所以knock 10% off是打10%折扣

• knock down，撞倒（人），拆除（建筑）

• Sometimes I think this house wil be knocked down by a passing plane.

7 Lesson 7

7.1 单词

detective[dɪˈtektɪv]，n. 侦探。detect[dɪˈtekt]，v. 侦测

airport[ˈeəpɔːt]，n. 机场。air是空中，port是港口，空中港口就是机场了

• at the airport.
• on the airfield

airfield[ˈeəfiːld]，n. 飞机起落的场地

valueable[]，adj. 贵重的。强调的是物质上的宝贵。value[ˈvæljuː]，n. 价值。

precious[ˈpreʃəs]，adj. 珍贵的。强调的是精神上的宝贵。例如，千里送鹅毛，就可以称为precious，因为鹅毛物质上不贵重，但是千里送这个精神就很贵重。

expect[ɪkˈspekt]，v. 期待，等待。

• expect sth. 等待/期待某事。相当于wait for sth.

main[meɪn]，adj. 主要的

• the main building. 主楼
• the main mirror. 主镜（例如，哈佛望远镜有多块镜子，其中主要的镜子）
• main streets/ side streets. 主道/辅道
• main idea. 中心思想

guard[ɡɑːd]，n. 警戒，守卫。注意，这是一个名词。

• keep guard，保持守卫，动词词组。

7.2 语法

7.2.1 过去进行时

过去进行时态

功能，过去某一时刻、时段正发生的动作

结构：主语 + was/were + doing，其中，was/were是助动词，不是系动词。

过去进行时的含义有：

• 对时间有持续的要求，开始于过去，结束于过去。时间状语可以是在原句中，也可以是隐含在上下文语境中。
• 强调了动作的持续发生，这过去的整个时间段，动作没有停下来，一直在发生。

场景：

• 铺陈故事背景，常搭配when/while/as来使用。Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Lesson 31.
• 强调动作的不停歇，增强了故事的描述性，细致描述过去的那个时段发生的事情，让读者有身临其境的感觉

第一种场景：

• When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.
• While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.
• He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. 这是一个常用法，用过去进行时铺陈故事背景，然后用when和一般过去时，表达突然发生的事情。Lesson 31

第二种场景：

• Karen Marsh arrived at London Airport today. She was wearing a blue dress and a mink coat.
• was wearing隐含在了当时的today.
• The plane was late and detetives were waiting at the airport all morning.
• were waiting在all morning里面不停歇
• They were expecting a valueable parcel of diamonds from South Africa.
• were expecting隐含在了上一句的all morning中

例如：

• She was doing her homework at 10:00 last night.
• They were having a date from 7:00 - 9:00 yesterday.
• Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast.
• When I was leaving the house, the postman arrived.
• Just as I was opening the front door, the telephone rang.
• She slipped and hurt herself, while she was getting off the bus.
• He cut himself while he was shaving.
• My wife was cooking the dinner while I was working in the garden.

7.2.2 过去进行时的否定和疑问

简单：

• She was reading a book at 11:00 last night.
• She was not reading a book at 11:00 last night.
• Was she reading a book at 11:00 last night?

7.2.3 动作的可持续性

并不是所有的动作都能做进行时，因为进行时总是强调了动作在一段时间内是持续发生，不停歇的。但是有些动作在语义上只有一瞬间的开始和结束，不存在持续发生的动作，它们是没有过去和现在进行时时态的。

• When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.
• arrive没有持续性。
• While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.
• open没有持续性
• While/as/When they were sleeping, a thief sneaked in.
• sneak没有持续性
• While he was reading the letter, he heard a knock at the door.
• hear没有持续性

7.2.4 when/while/as

它们的区别很简单：

• while/as引导的时间状语从句，从句里面只能使用进行时态，主句无限制。
• when引导的时间状语从句，主句和从句没有时态限制。

例如：

• When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.

• 第一个when不能改为while/as，但是后面的while可以改为when/while/as

• While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.

• 第一个while可以改为when/while/as

• I was having breakfast when the telephone rang.

• when不能更改为while/as

• when I was having breakfast, the telephone rang.

• when可以改为while/as

• He was reading a book while his wife was cleaning the house.

• 从语法角度，while改为when/as都可以，语义上主句和从句都是进行时，会稍微倾向于用while/as

另外，when/while/as的主句和从句并不明显，一般可以交换使用。

• While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.

• 相当于

• Two detectives were keeping guard at the door, when two others opened the parcel.

• when I was having breakfast, the telephone rang.

• 相当于

• I was having breakfast, when the telephone rang.

7.2.4 过去将来时

功能：表示过去的计划、打算或即将发生的事

结构：

• 主语 + would + v.
• 主语 + was/were + going to + v.

注意，would不仅是情态动词，还有可能是过去将来时的助动词。

含义：

• 一般将来时，是站在现在看将来。
• 过去将来时，是站在过去看景来。

因此，过去将来时都不能单独使用，总是有一个一般过去时的参照物，然后才能看将来，多用于宾语从句中。

例如：

• He said that he would travel abroad next year.

• a few hours eariler, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.

• 那年他20岁了，三年后他是23岁

• He was 20 years old at that time. In three years, he would be 23 years old.

• 他昨天告诉我他会来北京的

• He told me he would come to Beijing.

7.3 课文

7.3.1 重点句型

• a few hours eariler, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.

• sb. tell sb. sth. 这里使用从句代替了第二个宾语sth.，它是一个宾语从句。

• Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.

• Custom是顾客，Customs是海关，只差了一个s

• take off有多个含义，He took off his coat/The plane will take off.

• a parcel of = a bag of.

• To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!

• To one’s surprise, 使他们吃惊的是

• be full of . 装的全是…

• When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.

• some of … others …，其中一些…剩余…

• inside强调在里面，at强调的是“在”，但没有具体是外面还是里面

• While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.

• two .. two others …，两个…两个…

7.4 扩展

7.5 积累

8 Lesson 8

8.1 单词

competition[ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn]，n. 比赛，竞赛。compete[kəmˈpiːt]，v. 比赛，对抗。

• race[reɪs]，n. 比赛。特指比速度的竞赛，例如是赛车，跑步，划船
• competition[ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn]，n. 比赛。任意类型的竞赛。

path[pɑːθ]

• 具象意思，n. 小路，小径。neat path，整洁的小路。a mountain path，山路。
• 抽象意思，n. 路线，途径。the path to success. 通往成功的道路。

wooden[ˈwʊdn]，adj. 木头的

• wood[wʊd]，n. 木头

pool[puːl]，n. 水池

• a swimming pool，游泳池

grow[ɡrəʊ]，v. 养殖，生长

• Joe grows more flower. More flowers grow in his garden

胜利

• win[wɪn]，vi. 赢了。vt. win a game/match/battle/war
• beat[biːt]，vt. beat sb.

工作的说法有：

• job[dʒɒb]，n. 工作。职业，可数。
• work[wɜːk]，n. 工作。活儿，不可数

例如：

• 他有一份很好的工作
• He has a good job.
• 我有很多工作要做
• I have a lot of work to do.

8.2 语法

8.2.1 形容词的用法

形容词的功能是，修饰名词。例如：

• a busy day
• a pretty girl

多个形容词的顺序，限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍和材料

• 限定词，the，this，that，my，your，one，two …
• 描绘，beautiful，cold，pretty，good
• 形状，round，square …
• 材料，wooden，stone，leather…

例如：

• 一个蓝色的小箱子
• a small blue case.
• 一枚小的圆形英国硬币
• a small round British coin
• 一件崭新而漂亮的意大利黑皮夹克
• a pretty new black Italia leather jacket

形容词的两个位置：

• 修饰名词，放在名词的前面或者后面
• 作为主系表结构里面的表语。表语其实就是修饰主语的，不过作为句子，放在了系动词后面而已。

例句有：

• This is a wonderful world.
• We are living in a beautiful new house.
• Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable.

8.2.2 副词的用法

副词的功能有三个：

• 修饰动词
• 修饰句子
• 修饰其他的形容词或者副词

副词的意义在于表示行为或者状态特征，例如：

修饰动词：

• I love you
• I love you very much
• I love you deeply
• Roy acted quickly.其中，quickly修饰动词act

修饰句子：

• Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball. 其中，Suddenly，修饰整个句子

修饰形容词：

• I am tired
• I am very tired
• I am so tired
• I am too tired
• I am awfully tired
• It rained continually and it was often bitterly cold. 其中，bitterly修饰形容词cold
• The students from elite universities catch up very quickly. 其中，very修饰副词quickly.

副词的位置：通常情况下，形前动后

• I am very tired，very是副词，在形容词tired前面
• I swim well。我游泳很好，副词，在动词swim的后面
• I love you very much。我非常爱你，副词，在动词love的后面
• 错误的例子是，I very love you。love是动词，very不能在动词前面做修饰

8.2.3 形容词和副词的比较级别

• 原级比较
• 比较级
• 最高级

比较级 & 最高级 是针对于形容词和副词来说的

在中文中，在词语前面加一个“更”来表达比较级，在词语前面加一个“最”来表达最高级 在英文中，情况就比较复杂了，既可能和中文一样，在单词前面附加单词。也可能在单词上直接变化。 比较级 & 最高级

• old - older - the oldest
• big - bigger - the biggest
• fat - fatter - the fattest
• thin - thinner - the thinnest

最高级前面总是有一个the，用来表达这个唯一的最关系。

8.2.4 比较级和最高级

结构有以下几个：

• 比较级 + (than 比较的对象)，通常用于两者之间的比较
• the + 最高级 + (介词短语表示比较的范围)，通常用于三者或以上的比较

比较级和最高级是作为形容词和副词的变形，所以比较级和最高级的位置为：

• 与形容词一致，修饰主语或者宾语
• 与副词一致，修饰动词

第一种例句：

• 她比以前时尚。
• She is smarter than she was before。
• She is smarter than before. 当than后面的也是be动词的时候，可以省略be动词。当than后面的也是同一个主语的时候，可以省略主语。这一句话可以同时省略than后面的主语she，和be动词is
• 他比其他人都快
• He was faster than any other one was.
• He was faster than any other one. 省略了be动词，was。
• Bill Firth’s garden is larger than Joe’s garden.
• Bill Firth’s garden is larger than Joe’s. 这里没有省略Joe’s，因为Joe作为主语和前面一个是不同的，但所有格后面的都是一样的garden，可以省略garden。注意，不能将Joe’s省略为Joe，因为如果这样做，比较的对象就从Joe’s garden改为了Joe，是错误的。
• I am taller than you.
• Air tickets are more expensive than train ticket.
• Sometimes machines can perform better than human beings. 其中，better是作为副词的比较级
• Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe’s garden is more interesting. 其中，两个more的含义不一样。more flowers的more是many的比较级，修饰flowers。more interesting的more是interesting的比较级前缀，修饰的是garden.另外这里的grow more flower，比较级修饰的是宾语，而不是主语。
• Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them! spent more sth. than ..，特别的比较方式，比较级修饰的是宾语more time，但对象是状语under their cars和in them，Lesson 56

第二种例句：

• 这是全世界最大的一只兔子
• It was the biggest rabbit in the world.
• 他是全世界最矮的人。
• He is the shortest man in the world.
• 今天是这个月最忙的一天。
• It is the busiest day in this month.
• 他是我们当中个子最高的。
• He is the tallest of us all.
• My young sister is the tallest one in her class.
• The most serious problem of the project is the lack of power.

8.2.5 范围的说法

范围的说法有：

• 地域范围
• 时间范围
• 人物范围
• 个人认知范围

地域范围：

• 全世界，in the world.
• 全中国，in China
• 全北京，in Beijing
• 全班，in the (our) class
• 全商店，in the shop.

时间范围：

• 一年中，in a year
• 一季度中，in a season
• 一个月中，in a month.

人物范围：

• 我们所有人中，of us all
• 他们所有人中，of them all

个人认知范围：

• 我所见过的，I have ever seen.
• 我所遇过的，I have ever met.
• 我所读过的，I have ever read.
• 我所考过的，I have ever done. This is the most difficult test I have ever done.

一般来说，时间范围，地域范围都用in，对象之间使用of，例如：

• He is the tallest of all the students.
• He is the tallest in our class.
• Which is the longest river in the world.
• This is the finest picture of them all.
• This stereo is the most expensive of all the ones in the shop.
• He is the best boxer in our town.

其他：

• Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part.Lesson 56. taking part做定语

8.3 课文

8.3.1 重点句型

• Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town.

• Nearly everybody enters for ‘The Nicest Garden Competition’ each year,but Joe wins every time.

• enter for，报名参加

• Bill Firth’s garden is larger than Joe’s

• Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe’s garden is more interesting.

• more flowers省略了than…，因为上下文可以知道是than Joe’s

• Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!

8.4 扩展

8.4.1 单音节词的比较级和最高级

比较级 & 最高级的规则变化

• 以e结尾，直接加r和st，例如，late - later - the latest.
• 辅+元+辅（汉堡包结构），双写最后一个辅音字母加er和est，例如，fat - fatter - the fattest
• 辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i，加er和est，例如，happy - happier - the happiest

8.4.2 多音节词的比较级和最高级

多音节词，是指一个单词里面里面有多个元音字母。它的比较级是，前面+ more。它的最高级是，前面+ the most。例如：

• beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful
• expensive - more expensive - the most expensive
• important - more important - the most important
• interesting - more interesting - the most interesting

例句有：

• 他的发型比从前时尚
• His hairdo[ˈheəduː] is more fashionable than before.
• 她比从前更漂亮
• She is more beautiful than before.
• 香港的写字楼是最贵的
• The office building in HK in the most expensive

8.5 积累

8.5.1 不规则变化的比较级和最高级

• 好，good/well - better - the best.
• 坏，bad/ill - worse - the worst.
• 多，many/much - more - the most.
• 少，little - less - the least，few - fewer - the fewest.
• 老，old - older/elder - the oldest/eldest.
• 远，far - father/further - the farthest/furthest

good/well的区别在于：

• good做形容词是“好的”，well做形容词是“身体好的”
• good没有副词，well有副词，是“好地”

older/elder的区别在于：

• elder，特指年龄老
• older，年龄老，或者东西旧都可以

father/further的区别：

• farther，特指距离远
• further，距离远，或者抽象意义的远（意义深远，更深远的学习）

习题如上

9 Lesson 9

9.1 单词

welcome[ˈwelkəm]，注意，o发[ə]音，而不是come里面的[ʌ]音

• 14. 欢迎。a cold/warm welcome.
• 22. 欢迎。welcome you/the New Year. Welcome to Beijing.
• adj. 受欢迎的。You are welcome.

crowd[kraʊd]，n. 人群。其实不一定指人群，只要是一群就可以了

• a crowd of people，人群
• a crowd of monkeys. 猴群

crowded[ˈkraʊdɪd]，adj. 拥挤的

gather[ˈɡæðə(r)]，v.聚集

• gather sp. They gathered under the Town Hall clock.
• gather sb. He gathered a large crowd of people round him.
• gather sth. It has taken me a lifetime to gather all these books.

hand[hænd]，

• 14. （表或机器的）指针，minute hand，hour hand，second hand.
• 22. 传递，hand sth. to sb. = hand sb. sth.

refuse[rɪˈfjuːz]，v. 拒绝

• refush. I offered to pay him for his help, but he refused.
• refuse sb./sth. She refused the gift.
• refuse to do sth. The clock refused to welcome the New Year.

笑的说法有：

• smile[smaɪl]，微笑，n./v.
• laugh[lɑːf]，大笑，n./v.

例句有：

• He said and smiled.
• They are talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑
• She is telling me a story with a smile.
• She is telling me a story with a laugh.

true[truː]，adj. 真实的

truth[truːθ]，n. 事实，真相

false[fɔːls]，adj. 不真实的，错误的

people[ˈpiːp(ə)l]，n. 人们。泛指人们，没有特指的概念。

• 单复数同型，谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用复数。We are one people, with one will. 我们是一个民族，拥有一个意志。注意，这里的people是民族，一个民族当然是很多人用的是are，因此会出现既有谓语动词are，也有数词one的情况。
• 泛指人们，多用在真理上。People do not know the value of heath till they lose it. 直到失去健康，人们才直到健康的可贵
• 人民，the people，复数。My duty is to serve the people。我的责任是为人民服务。The people were under the Town Hall clock.

9.2 语法

9.2.1 时间介词

介词in:

• 年/季/月，in 1992/January/summer
• 早上/中午/晚上，in the morning/afternoon/evening.每..，in the mornings/afternoons/evenings.
• He ran a hundred metres in thirteen seconds.

介词短语“in + 时间” 的含义：

• 在将来时（一般将来时，过去将来时）中，表…之后，in twenty minutes’ time.
• 在非将来时中，表达什么时间范围里面，in 1992.

介词on，凡是时间中含有日期都用on:

• on Monday.
• on July 7th.
• on Wednesday evening.
• on the morning of July 7th. 其中，没有of July 7th，就要使用in the morning.
• on New Year’s Eve
• on afternoons. 每天下午，所以用on，Lesson 30
• on a fine afternoons. 一个晴朗的下午。

morning, afternoon, evening的情况列表：

• in the afternoon. 普通情况用on
• this/tomorrow/yesterday afternoon. 不需要介词
• on a fine afternoon./ on fine afternoons./on the afternoon of May 22. 有修饰词的都用on

介词at，具体的时刻和小时:

• at 8 o’clock/8:00
• at midnight/noon
• at night
• at the moment.
• at lunch/dinner time.

介词before.

• They got the news the day before yesterday.

介词after

• I will come back here after ten o’clock

介词since

• Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places.

介词until

• I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.
• He finished reading his book. Then we spoke to him.
• 相当于We didn’t spoke to him until he had finished reading his book.
• I had always imagined it rained all the time in England, until I visited it. 习题本P110
• • The young man did not wake up until the bed had struck the ground. Lesson 49，注意时态

介词during

• It rained heavily during the night.
• I met him sometime during the week.
• During the whole winter it never snowed.
• Neither of us spoke during the journey.
• During the time, they will give five performances.

介词for

• He has been there for six months.

介词by, 表示截止…为止

• Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year.
• You had better pay the money by the end of the month.
• 你月底前最好把钱付上，by的意思是截止…
• by the end of …，截止…的结尾
• by the end of last yearweekmonth.
• by the time sb. + 动词过去时，截止…动作的时刻
• by the time he arrived/I graduated.

by the end of与by the time sb.常常用在完成时的句子中。

介词from … till/to…，表示从…到…

• The shops are open from 9 till/to 5.

介词till/until，短暂动作的否定句

• I won’t leave till/until Monday.

介词over，相当于during

• The plane wasn’t too badly damaged, but over the years, the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undistrubed. Lesson 66
• He worked very hard over the last two years.

9.2.2 介词的意义（简略）

为什么有介词：

• 让vi. 变为vt.
• 表达各种各样的状语，时间状语，地点状语，原因状语等等。

介词其实是一种强大的补充说明。

介词的要点：

• 它简写为prep. 不能单独使用，后面必须加上其他词语。
• prep.的后面只能加名词，代词，动名词。
• 介词+其他词语，构成了介词短语，介词宾语结构，也就是后面只能加代词的宾语形式，不能加代词的主语形式

第一点：

• I looked at my watch.
• look是不及物动词，at作为介词，是一种对look的补充说明，同时避免了对look的不及物性质的破坏。

第二点：

• On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall.
• On Wednesday evening就是时间状语

9.2.3 没有

没有由以下的表达：

• haven’t got any
• don’t have
• no + n.
• none
• none of + n.

例如：

I thought there would be many students in the hall, but when I got in

• I found none.

• I found none of the students.

• I found no one.

• I didn’t find anyone.

• I haven’t got any chocolate.

• I don’t have any chocolate.

• I’ve got no chocolate.

• I’ve got none of the chocolate.

• I’ve got none.

• There aren’t any books on that shelf.

• There are no books on that shelf.

• There are none of the books on that shelf.

• There are none on that shelf.

互相等价的

注意no后面依然是复数，no books.

9.3 课文

9.3.1 重点句型

• On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall.

• It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock.

• had gathered，过去完成时，表达，过去的之前。

• It would strike tweleve in twenty minutes’ time.

• It would，过去将来时

• in + 时间，在将来时中表达，时间之后

• strike[straɪk]，敲，撞。strike + 数词，表示敲多少次

• Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped.

• It’s two minutes past tweleve! The clock has stopped.

• pass[pɑːs]，是动词，past[pɑːst]，不是动词，上一句里面是adv. 还能是adj./n./prep.

• At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing.

• begin to do sth. = begin doing sth.两者是等价，原句可以改为At that moment, everybody began laughing and singing.

• At that moment，此时

• It was true.

• 果真

9.4 扩展

9.5 积累

10 Lesson 10

10.1 单词

musical[ˈmjuːzɪk(ə)l]，adj. 音乐的。music是名词，+cal变为形容词。

instrument[ˈɪnstrəmənt]，n. 仪器。

• musical instrument，乐器

recently[ˈriːs(ə)ntli]，adv. 最近的，常搭配在一般过去时中

clavichord[ˈklævɪkɔːd]，n. 古钢琴

使惊讶的：

• surprise[səˈpraɪz]，v. 包括高兴的和不高兴的
• shock[ʃɒk]，v. 特指不高兴的

这类动词，使…xxx，surprise/shock sb.，就是指使得sb.(宾语)是xxx，惊讶的/震惊的/生气的意思。在使用被动语态的时候，sb. be suprised/shocked，就是sb.被惊讶/震惊/生气。

allow[əˈlaʊ]，v. 允许

• allow sb. to do sth.

key[kiː]，n. 琴键，关键，钥匙

• key structure
• the key to the door.
• key point

strike[straɪk]，v.敲，打.

• strike the keys，敲琴键。She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken.
• strike sb. 撞到某人。The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water.
• strike sth. 撞到某物。Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea.
• sb be struck down. 某人杀死，生重病死了。So far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death! Lesson 58
• strike twelve，敲12下
• on strike，罢工，The postmen are on strike again. They want higher wages.

strike，还有，突然侵袭的意思

• sth. strike. Twenty-hour hours later a storm struck.
• strike sth. The disease has struck the whole community, sometimes wiping out whole families.

make[meɪk]，的被动语态搭配：

• made in，表示产地，It was made in Germany.
• made of，表示某种材料，The teapot was made of silver.
• made from，表示数种材料，Glass is made from sand and lime.
• made by，表示制造人，This cake was made by my sister.

10.2 语法

10.2.1 被动语态

语态分为两种，主动语态和被动语态。显然在英文中，绝大部分情况下，我们都是用主动语态，当我们需要强调客观事实，强调主语，强调宾语等情况下才会使用被动语态。被动语态的限制在于，动词本身是及物动词，它后面允许带有宾语的情况。这是因为被动语态总是将宾语提前在句首来表达，如果动词后面都不能跟宾语，那谈何被动语态呢。

要点有：

• 结构：be+ done
• 与时态的结合
• 使用场景

第一点，结构，be动词 + done

• be动词有，am,is,are,was,were,been,being
• done，动词的过去分词形式。这意味着过去分词的使用场景有：一般完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时和被动语态

要点：

• done，是被动语态中最为简单的部分，表达被动的动作。
• be，是被动语态中较为复杂的部分，表达了两点，被动的时间，主语的单复数。

探究：

• 在中文中，被动语态是通过“被”这个字来表达
• 在英文中，被动语态是通过结构来表达的，就像时态是通过动词变形的结构来表达的。

第二点，与时态的结合：

• 一般现在时，is/am/are + done
• 一般过去时，was/were + done
• 一般将来时，shall/will + be + done. The Games will be held just outside the capital and the whole area will be called ‘Olympic City’
• 现在进行时，am/is/are + being + done
• 过去进行时，was/were + being + done
• 现在完成时，has/have + been + done
• 过去完成时，had + been + done

与主动语态的进行时不同，被动语态的时态不是通过实义动词来表达，而是通过be动词来表达。

• 一般现在时，be动词用一般现在时，repair -> is/am/are repaired
• 现在进行时，be动词用being，is/am/are repairing -> is/am/are + being repaired.
• 现在完成时，be动词用been，have repaired -> have been repaired.

在被动语态中，时态的变化是通过be动词来表达

例如：

• 一般现在时

• 他被杀了

• He is killed

• Does anyone ever air this room?

• This room is aired by someone regularly.

• 一般过去时

• 他昨晚被杀了

• He was killed last night.

• Did anyone water these flowers?

• They were watered by someone regularly.

• 现在完成时

• 他已经被杀了

• He has been killed.

• He hasn’t been served.

• 一般将来时

• 他将要被杀了

• He will be killed.

• He will be served soon.

• 其中，一般将来时中，语法中允许使用am/is/are going to + be + done的形式，只是过于繁琐，实际使用较少

例如：

• 他每天被打。
• He is beaten every day.
• 他昨天被打
• He was beaten yesterday.
• 他明天被打
• He will be beaten tomorrow.
• 他现在正在被打。
• He is being beaten now.
• 他现在已经被打了
• He has been beaten

更多的例子：

• 手表坏了
• The watch is broken
• 她的钱包昨天丢了
• Her wallet was lost yesterday.
• 这几辆车是上周修好的
• The cars were repaired last week.
• 她儿子被送到学校去了
• Her son was taken to school. 注意，不能使用send，因为send在语义上是相当于give，而且是双宾语结构。
• 我昨天被邀请去参加了他的生日聚会
• I was invited to his brithday party yesterday.
• 没有人是生而知之者
• No man is born wise or learned. FIXME，后面的wise or learned是什么成分
• 这里每天迎接成百上千的游客
• It is visited by hundreds of people every day here. 其中，使用被动语态，是为了强调后面的by …
• 他已经被邀请了两次了
• He has been invited twice.
• 家务很快就被他做完了
• The housework will be finished by him soon.
• 地面已经被大雪覆盖了
• The ground has been covered with heavy now.
• 这座大楼马上就要建成了
• The building will be built soon.
• 一个新的机器现在已经被发明了
• A new machine has been invented.
• 人们现在正在被广告所影响
• People are being influenced by advertisements.

第三点，适用场景：

• 不知道动作的发出者，It is broken.
• 强调动作的发出者，强调by，He breaks it & It is broken by him.
• 没必要提出动作的发出者，A new building was built.

可以看到，被动语态有两点强调的：

• 强调动作的承受者
• 强调动作的发出者，通过It 和 by…的结构来表达

习题如上，难度不高

10.2.2 被动语态的否定句和疑问句

• 否定句：be + not + done
• 疑问句：be提前

例如：

• 屋子收拾干净了没？
• Was the room cleaned?
• 那封信还没有发出去.
• The letter was not sent out.

10.2.3 名词所有格

名词所有格，使用’s：

• Lucy的朋友，Lucy’s friend
• Lily的书，Lily’s book
• 我妈妈的包，my mother’s bag
• 我爸爸的手表，my father’s watch
• 学生们的书本，students’ books.
• 工人俱乐部，the Workers’ Club
• 孩子们的玩具，the children’s toys.
• 二十分钟的时间，twenty minutes’ time

名词所有格，使用of，倒着说：

• 我学校的照片，the photo of my school
• 这首歌的名字，the name of the song
• 我的车的颜色，the color of my car
• 这房间的窗户，the window of the room
• 房间的门，the door of the room.
• 数据的使用，the use of the data.
• 十七岁的少女，a girl of seventeen.
• 和她同样年龄的少女，a girl of her own age.

’s与of的区别在于：

• ’s常用于拥有，时间’s+time，关系中
• of常用于属性，其中的xxx，关系中
• ’s为正序描述，of为倒序描述

省略of的情况有：

• half of the money，等价于，half the money，Lesson 45.

10.2.4 ’s的非生命用法

’s的非生命用法

• 时间
• a day’s work,
• a month’s salary
• a week or two’s time
• He will arrive in three hours’ time.
• They’re for next Wednesday’s performance.
• A quiet day’s fishing，无生命的所有格
• eight hours in an cinema，这里无所有格
• A quiet day’s fishing, or eight hours in an cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get. Lesson 73
• 钱
• two pounds’ worth of bread
• I want ten pounds’ worth of minced meat.

介词in表达之后的例子：

• in five hours，五小时之后
• in five minutes，五分钟之后
• in two days，两天之后
• in three years，三年之后

完整的说法可以是：

• in five hours’ time，五小时之后时间里
• in one minute’s time，1分钟之后的时间里
• in five minutes’ time，五分钟之后的时间里
• in two days’ time，两天之后的时间里
• in three years’ time，三年之后的时间里

用time的话必须要用所有格形式’s或者s’，没有time的话不需要所有格，两种形式都是等价的。

10.2.5 其中的xxx

• I could answer sixteen of the question.
• 我能够做出其中的十六道题
• He is a friend of her friends.
• 他是她朋友中的其中一个。
• He is one of her friends.
• 他是她朋友中的其中一个。

要点有：

• can的过去式是could
• answer question除了可以翻译为回答问题，还可以翻译为做题。

其中的…

• 16道题，sixteen questions.
• 其中的16道题，sixteen of the questions.
• 两位老师，two teachers.
• 其中的两位老师，two of the teachers.

of除了有“…的”意思，还有“其中的”意思。用 数词+ of+名词的说法，表达了更多的意思

• 其中的16道题，说明总数不止16道，还有其他题目的存在。
• 其中的2位老师，说明总数不止2位，还有其他老师的存在。

10.2.6 名词所有格与and

• Jim的房间，Jim’s room
• Jack的房间，Jack’s room
• Jim与Jack的房间，共同所有的，Jim and Jack’s room
• Jim与Jack的房间，各自拥有，Jim’s and Jack’s room

例如：

• Lucy and Sara’s boyfriend，暗示她们的男朋友是同一个
• Lucy’s and Sara’s boyfriend，她们各自的男朋友

10.2.7 双重名词所有格

• It is being repaired by a friend of my father’s
• 等价于It is being repaired by a friend of my father’s friend.
• 等价于It is being repaired by one of my father’s friend.
• 双重所有格，of是一个所有格，my father’s是另外一个所有格

注意，这个句子使用a friend of my father是错误的，因为这里的of表达的是“其中的xxx”的意思，当of前面不是数词one，而是名词a friend的时候，那么of后面也应该是名词friend的词组。

等价说法有：

• He is one of my father’s friends.

• He is a friend of my father’s

• Tom lent me one of his books.

• Tom lent on a book of his.

• He is one of my frineds.

• He is a friend of mine.

注意，双重所有格后面要用名词性物主代词，类似mine.

Lesson 31，有其他的用法：

• He bought a small workshop of his own.
• 等价于，He bought a small workshop of his
• 等价于，He bought a small workshop of his workshops
• 等价于，He bought one of his workshops.

10.3 课文

10.3.1 重点句型

• We have an old musical instrument.
• It is called a clavichord.
• It was made in Germany in 1681.
• Our clavichord is kept in the living room.
• It has belonged to our family for a long time.
• The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago.
• Recently it was damaged by a visitor.
• She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken.
• My father was shocked.
• Now we are not allowed to touch it.
• It is being repaired by a friend of my father’s

要点：

• call sb. sname. 是宾补结构，We call him a hero. 被动语态为，He is called a hero by us.
• we build the building. 被动语态为，The building is built.
• play jazz. 玩爵士乐
• on clavichord/piano，用介词on
• try to do sth. 尝试做某事，尽力做某事，有时候可以代替want to.

10.4 扩展

10.4.1 belong to

belong to是动词短语，所以，后面跟宾格。

• These are their keys to the car.

• These keys to the car are theirs.

• These keys to the car belong to them.

• It is his phone number.

• The phone number is his.

• The phone number belongs to him.

belong是实义动词，需要遵循一般现在时的三单规则

belong[bɪˈlɒŋ]，v. 属于。过去式为belonged[bɪ'lɒŋd]。

• belong to me，都是加宾格形式，注意不是物主代词，是宾格。
• 自由属于我
• The freedom belongs to me.
• 幸福属于我们。
• The happiness belongs to us.

10.4.2 物主代词与belong to的疑问和否定

• 物主代词常与be动词组合出现，因此疑问句就是Be动词提前，否定句是Be动词+not。
• belong to是实义动词，所以，疑问句就是借用助动词do/does，否定句就是借用助动词don’t/doesn’t

例如：

• The address is not mine.

• The address doesn’t belong to me. 不要直接用not

• Are these your address? 形容词物主代词

• Are these letters yours? 名词性物主代词

• Do these letters belong to you?

10.5 积累

10.5.1 惯用被动语态的动词

绝大部分的动词既有主动的语态，也有被动的语态，但是，有很少部分的单词，在日常生活中却只有被动语态的，例如：

• be born…，出生，bear-bore-born，He was born in 1984
• be hurt…，受伤，hurt-hurt-hurt，I am hurt.
• be burned down…，被焚毁，If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Lesson 71
• be wounded…，受伤，wound-wounded-wounded，I was wounded in the leg.Do you want to see my wound?
• be injured. 受伤，When a fire broke out in the cinema, several hundred people tried to leave the building and a number of them were injured. Lesson 73
• be dressed in …，打扮，dress-dressed-dressed，The lady is dressed in a large funny hat.
• be used…，使用，The airport was built years ago, but for some reason it could not be used then.
• be closed…，关闭，The shops must have been closed now.
• be completed…，完成，The house was completed five months ago
• be begun …，开始，The Taj Mahal,which was begun in 1632
• be held …，举行，The Olympic Games will be held in our country.
• be returned …，返还，Sam was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it was not returned to him. Lesson 45
• be promoted to …，被提拔为..，He was delighted at being promoted to senior manager.

10.5.2 被动形式

• call sb. sname. 是宾补结构，We call him a hero. 被动语态为，He is called a hero by us.

• sb. build sth. we build the building. 被动语态为，The building is built.

• sb. begin sth. They began the park in 1632. 被动语态为，The park is begun in 1632

• sb. complete sth. They completed the park in 1634. 被动语态为，The park is completed in 1634

• be surrounded by … A 被B包围着，A是小的，B是大的

• The village is surrounded by many tall trees.

• be covered with… A被B覆盖，A是小的，B是大的。部分场景可以代替There be

• The trees are covered with the heavy snow.

• The litter basket was empty and the ground was covered with pieces of paper, cigarette ends. = There were pieces of paper, cigarette ends everywhere.

• As soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets. Lesson 42

• 其中，cover还有书皮，涉及的意思。

• be asked to do sth.. 被要求做某事。原来形式为，ask sb. to do sth.

• Visitors have been asked to keep the woods clean and tidy.

11 Lesson 11

11.1 单词

turn[tɜːn]

• 14. 行为，举止。One good turn deserves another
• 14. 轮流的机会。My turn had come.
• 22. 旋转。turn left/right/round
• 22. 变得。Her face turned red.

deserve[dɪˈzɜːv]，v. 应得到，值得。可以是好事情，也可以是坏事情。

• sb. deserve sth. 例如，He worked really hard, and he deserved the promotion. You deserved it.
• sth. deserve sth. 例如，One good turn deserves another. 一个好行为应得到再一个好行为

bank[bæŋk]

• 14. 银行
• 14. 河岸

工资的说法有：

• salary[ˈsæləri]，n. 白领的工资，体面的，有规律发放的工资，按月发放
• wage[weɪdʒ]，n. 蓝领的工资，计件性的工资，按周/天发放
• collect sallary/wage，领取工资
• salary与wage都是可数名词，复数形式为salaries和wages，一个人的工资是单数，多个人的工资是复数。

immediately[ɪˈmiːdiətli]，adv. 立即。相当于at once

pay[peɪ]，v. 支付

• pay sb. I offered to pay him for his help, but he refused.
• pay money./bill./salary. he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. 其中，这里的it就是指money. You had better pay the money by the end of the month. 或者I paid the bill.
• pay attention. We pay attention to the new words
• pay for sth. you can pay for my dinner
• pay it back. = repay it.归还 Tony must pay the money back. = Tony must repay the money.

good[ɡʊd]，adj. 相当大/多的，相当客观的

• He gets a good salary.
• It takes me a good three hours to get there.

11.2 语法

11.3 课文

11.3.1 重点句型

• I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.

• when搭配多用进行时态，背景是过去时，所以用过去进行时was having.

• Tom worked in a lawyer’s office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.

• 后面可以用he now works，更准确的用法是he is now working，因为有now

• He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.

• 他的薪水很高，He gets a good salary.

• 一般现在时，没啥好说

• Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table.

• 一般过去时，没啥好说

• He has never borrowed money from me.

• 相比一般过去时，这句话更强调了到目前为止，他都没向我借钱。用一般过去时的话，只表达了过去没有借，到最近可能有借钱。

• While he was having dinner, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.

• ask sb. to do sth.

• To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately.

• 用一般过去时

• “I have never borrowed any money from you,” Tony said, “so now you can pay for my dinner.”

11.3.2 例子

答案为：

• Jack always goes to work by car.
• Yesterday afternoon his car broke down while he was driving to work.
• Now he is taking a bus to work.
• He has never done that before.

11.4 扩展

11.5 积累

11.5.1 动词不定式做宾补

动词不定式做宾补的用法：

• want

• want to do.

• He wanted to buy a new car.

• want sb. to do.

• I want him to move his car.

• He wants me to ask you a question.

• He wants his wife to wear this dress.

• tell

• tell sb. to do. 让（吩咐）别人做某事，别人为你的权威或者事情较少一般都会去做

• OK, tell him to call me later.

• ask

• ask sb. to do. 请求别人做某事，别人做事的前提是他答应你

• I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.

• He asked his doctor to tell him whether his operation had been succssful but the doctor refused to do so.

• ask to do sth.

• I went to Ted’s house and asked to see him but he wasn’t it.

• Though she hesitated for a moment, she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window. Lesson 57

• decide

• decide to do.

• I decided to take her by train.
  

• However, they have decided to use the post office.

• The woman walked out of the shop angrily and decided to punish the assistant next day. Lesson 57

• Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gate decided to take some presents to a children’s hospital. Lesson 65

• mean

• mean to do.

• I mean to visit him tomorrow.

• refuse

• refuse to do.

• The clock refused to welcome the New Year.

• He asked his doctor to tell him whether his operation had been succssful but the doctor refused to do so.

• Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move. Lesson 65

• begin

• begin to do sth. = begin doing sth.两者是等价，

• At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing.

• At that moment, everybody began laughing and singing.

• start

• start to do sth. = start doing sth. 两者是等价

• Then he started to complain about this wicked world.

• Then he started complaining about this wicked world.

• allow

• allow sb. to do

• He doesn’t allow us to touch the clavichord

• They did not allow us to enter the museum before 9 o’clock

• try

• try to do

• a few hours eariler, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.

• They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. Lesson 44

• help

• help sb. to do，可以加to，也可以不加to，相互等价

• Frank helped Tom to dig this hole.

• A short while ago, my sister helped me to carry one of my old bookcases up the stairs. Lesson 52

• teach

• teach sb. to do

• She taught her son to read.

• advise

• advise sb. to do

• We advised them to stay at home.

• They have advised us to borrow some money from the bank.

• order

• order sb. to do

• The officer ordered the men to fire at the enemy

• Byrd at once ordered his men to throw out two heavy food sacks. Lesson 43

• prefer

• prefer sb. to do

• I would prefer you to stay at home this evening.

• prefer to do

• I prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than go outside.

• afford

• afford to do

• I can’t afford to buy that car.

• fail

• fail to do，没能/没法做某事

• They fail to finish the work on time.

• The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. Lesson 55

• Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. Lesson 71

• remind

• remind sb. to do sth.

• I reminded him to post my letter.

• remember

• remember to do do sth.

• I remembered to post your letter.

• expect

• expect sb. to do sth.

• He was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found.

• I expected him to help me, but he let me down. Lesson 65

• find

• find sb. to do sth.

• Someone found it to contain the chocolate.

• see

• see sb. do sth. 省略了to

• When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car.

• plan

• plan to do sth.

• He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.

• need

• need to do sth.

• He needs to have a rest.

• need sb. to do sth.

• He needs friends to help him.

• regret

• regret to do sth.

• We regret to tell you that you are not welcome.

• continue

• continue to do sth. = continue doing sth.

• The snake, however, continued to ‘dance’ slowly.

• seem

• seem to do sth.

• Some people seem to do it as a hobby.

• Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador. Lesson 70

• forbid

• forbid sb. to do sth.

• I forbid you to marry him!

• He’s obviously really embarrassed about it because he forbade me to tell anyone.

• hope

• hope to do sth.

• Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. Lesson 55

• train

• train sb to do sth.

• As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in. Lesson 59

• threaten

• threaten to do sth.

• The USA threatened to break off diplomatic[ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk] relations.

• command

• command sb. to do sth.

• The teacher was commanding her students to close their books.

• warn

• warn sb. to do sth.

• Oh dear! His wife’s just warned me not to help him!

• agree to do sth. 同意做某事

• Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move.

12.5.2 形容词不定式

• be determined to do

• I’m determined to do stay here.

• be sure to do.

• She is a strong swimmer and many people feel that she is sure to succed.Lesson 36.

• be surprised to do sth.

• I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever. Lesson 51

• be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事

• Trains are supposed to run on time. 习题本P110

• be disappointed to do sth. 失望地做某事

• After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour. Lesson 72

描述感觉（eager,glad,pleased,sorry）的形容词作表语的时候，后面往往跟不定式，自学导读，P346

• be eager to do sth.

• The stranger was eager to help me.

• Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time. Lesson 57

• be pleased to do sth.

• I’m pleased to work with you.

12.5.3 现在分词做宾补

• be busy (in) doing sth. 没有to do的用法

• Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time, she was busy eating.

• In a short time I was busy mixing butter and flour and my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry. Lesson 54

• be worth doing，主动表被动的用法，其他还有want/need

• These books are worth reading.

• By this time, a Lancaster bombeer in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing.

• admit doing sth. 承认做了某事，没有to do的用法。

• The man admitted hiding in the box.

• enjoy sb. doing sth. 享受做某事

• She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for. Lesson 57

• spend + 时间/金钱 + (in) doing sth.

• As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in. Lesson 59

• suggest doing sth. 建议做某事，没有to do的用法

• I suggested going in my car.

• avoid doing sth. 坚持认为做某事，没有to do的用法.

• I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. Lesson 68

• I tried to avoid meeting him.

• fancy doing sth. 想不到做某事，喜好，没有to do的用法.

• ‘Hello, Nigel,’ I said. ‘Fancy meeting you here!’ Lesson 68

• I don’t fancy going for a walk in the rain.

• enjoy，喜好，没有to do的用法

• I never enjoy meeting Nigel Dykes

• mind doing sth. 介意做某事，没有to do的用法.

• ‘Would you mind my coming with you?’ he asked, before I had finished speaking. Lesson 68

• Would you mind answering the phone for me.

• finish doing sth. 完成做某事，没有to do的用法.

• ‘Would you mind my coming with you?’ he asked, before I had finished speaking. Lesson 68

• I haven’t finish speaking yet.

• deny，否认做某事，没有to do的用法

• Do you deny having taken the money.

• stand，忍受做某事，没有to do的用法

• You can’t stand doing your job anymore and changing employers hasn’t helped.

12.5.4 动词不定式和现在分词

• begin，两者一致

• begin to do sth.

• begin doing sth.

• start，两者一致

• start to do sth.

• start doing sth.

• continue，两者一致

• continue to do sth.

• continue doing sth.

• I continued driving and after some time, the examiner tapped loudly. Lesson 69

• like

• like to do sth. 特定，一次性

• I’d like to watch TV.

• like doing sth. 一般，常常

• I like watching TV.

• prefer

• prefer to do sth，特定，一次性

• I prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than go outside.

• prefer doing sth. 一般，常常

• I prefer reading books to doing sports

• hear, Lesson 47

• hear sb. do sth. 已经做了，强调结果

• I heard you sing this song yesterday.

• hear sb doing sth. 正在做，强调动作

• I heard someone knocking at the door.

• regret 41.4.1

• regret to do sth. 表示对将来要做的事感到对不起，遗憾，比be sorry + 不定式更加正式

• We regret to tell you that you are not welcome.

• regret doing sth. 表示为做过的某件事感到后悔、懊悔

• I now regret leaving my country.

• I now regret that I have left my country.

• He regretted having been rude to her.

• Did he regret his mistake?

• send

• send sb. to do sth. 将来要的事，派某人做某事

• We decided to send a veteran surgeon to help them

• send sb. doing sth. 过去做的事，使得某人做了某事

• The rain sent everyone scurrying for shelter.

• stop 42.4.4

• stop to do sth. 停下来做其他事情

• On the way to the station, I stopped to buy a paper.

• stop doing sth. 停止当前动作

• I’ve stopped buying newspaper.

• How can we stop him complaining.

• forget 50.3.4

• forget to do sth. 忘记做某事，事情没做

• forget doing sth. 忘记做了某事，事情做了，但是忘记了

• need Lesson 44

• need to do sth./need sb. to do sth. 需要做某事，表示主动

• He needs to have a rest.

• He needs friends to help him.

• need doing sth. 需要被做某事，表示被动

• The windows need cleaning.

• The strap needs mending.

• want

• want to do sth. 主动

• I want to have a swim.

• want doing sth.被动

• Those windows are dirty. They want washing.

12.5.5 感官动词和使役动词

要点：

• 感官动词和使役动词都能接to do和doing。接doing的时候强调动作，且已经做了，接to do的时候强调结果，或者还没做。
• 一些感官动词使用不定式做宾补的时候，可以省略to

例句：

• see

• I saw him climbn through the window.

• feel

• hear

• smell

发现

• notice sb. doing sth.

• I noticed her leaving the shop with a parcel.

• watch sb. doing sth

• I wached her making a birthday cake.

• find sb. doing sth.

• We found them playing cards.

• catch sb. doing sth.

• The policeman caught him stealing vegetables from his neighbour’s garden.

使役动词使用不定式做宾补的时候，可以省略to

• make sb. do sth.

• She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for

• The teacher made the boy write the exercise again.

• let sb. do sth.

• Don’t let the children touch anything in the room please.

• keep sb. doing sth.

• He kept us working from eight till five.

• leave sb. doing sth.

• I left them listening to music.

12 Lesson 12

12.1 单词

luck[lʌk]，n. 运气，幸运。中性词，可以是好运气，也可以是坏运气。

• Good luck!
• Bad luck! 通常只对自己说，不会对别人说

lucky[ˈlʌki]，adj. 幸运的。luckily[ˈlʌkɪli]，adv. 幸运地

sail[seɪl]，vi. 航行（船或者人），n. 帆，蓬

• sail across the Atlantic.
• The ship is sailing for New York.
• Captain Alison will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow.
• sailor，n. 海员，水手
• sailing，n. 航行，航海。go sailing，类似搭配还有go fishing.

harbour[ˈhɑːbə(r)]，n. 港口

• at the harbour.在港口
• 英式和美式写法不同的：
• harbour[ˈhɑːbə(r)] - harbor[ˈhɑːbə(r)]
• colour[ˈkʌlə(r)] - color[ˈkʌlə(r)]
• neighbour[ˈneɪbə(r)] - neighbor['neɪbə]

proud[praʊd]，adj. 自豪

• be proud of …
• I am proud of you.
• We are proud of him.

hear[hɪə(r)]的用法有：

• hear from sb，I am very glad to hear from you.
• hear about sth，Did you hear about Jade? She was in a car accident and broke her leg in three places.
• hear sth，Listen! Can you hear it?

12.2 语法

12.2.1 一般将来时

使用场景：预先计划和打算要做的事情

固定结构：

• 主 + shall + do sth. 只能用于第一人称，就是I和we，这种结构限制较多，实际使用较少
• 主 + will + do sth. 实际使用较多。
• 主 + is/am/are + going to，is/am/are是助动词，going to是固定结构，实际使用较多。

句式：

• 主 + is/am/are + going to + 动词原型，
• 主 + is/am/are + going to + 地点名词，其实这个句子的原来句式为主 + is/am/are + going to + go to + 地点名词。只是两个go to比较重复，所以省略了第二个go to。这个句式也属于一般将来时
• 主 + is/am/are + going to + be + 非动词，这个句式其实是从第一个句式衍伸过来的，going to后面只能加动词，对于副词adv.，形容词adj.，介词prep.等词性，只能加be形式。

要点：

• 一般将来时都是未来可能发生的事情，现在未发生的事情。

例如：

• 我打算周末去游泳
• I am going to swim this weekend.
• 他打算买辆新的
• He is going to buy a new car
• 我们打算去上海
• We are going to Shanghai
• 我打算2点去那
• I am going to be there at two.注意，there是副词
• 他打算成为一名医生
• He is going to be a doctor.
• 我打算下周开始忙起来
• I am going to be busy next week.
• 我计划这周末呆家里
• He is going to be at home this weekend
• 他们打算以后在北京
• They are going to be in Beijing
• I will study abroad.
• I am going to study abroad.
• He will be a teacher.
• He is going to be a teacher.

口语表达 going to = gonna，gonna仅仅是口语表达，不能用在书面语上

• I am going to be happy this year.
• I am gonna be happy this year.

12.2.2 一般将来时的疑问和否定

看例句：

• He will not be a teacher.

• Will he be a teacher?

• He is not going to be a teacher.

• Is he going to be a teacher?

12.2.3 一般将来时的双结构区别

一般将来时的两个结构：

• am/is/are going to + …
• will + …

两种结构在口语，语法和语义都是可以相互转换使用的。两者有一点细微的区别

am/is/are going to强调事先预兆，事先准备计划。（霍娜，强调“客观”，“马上”或者“预先计划”）

• Look at the black clouds! It’s going to rain. 客观与马上
• Look! Jim is going to fall into the river! 客观与马上
• They are going to get married next month. 预先计划
• It is so dark outside. It is going to rain. 事先预兆
• I have got an offer. I am going to study abroad next year. 事先计划

will强调临时发生，愿意做（情态动词would引申的意思）

• Be careful! The box is too heavy. I will help you. 临时
• Will you marry me. 愿意做

12.2.4 延续性和瞬时性动作

在英语中，动词不仅区分vt. 与vi.，还区分延续性的，和瞬时的

• leave，离开，瞬时的。away，adv. 离开的（状态），持续性的
• die，死亡，瞬时的。dead，adv. 死亡的（状态），持续性的。

瞬时性动作的特点在于，不能表达该动作持续一段时间。也就是说不能接for，也不能用在过去和现在进行时（参考7.2.3）中，但是可以用于将来进行时（表达将来确定要发生的事情）。例如：

• He will leave for two months. 错误

• He will be away for two months. 正确

• He has died for ten years. 错误

• He has been dead for ten years. 正确

12.3 课文

12.3.1 重点句型

• Our neighbour, Captain Charles Alison will sail from Portsmounth tomorrow.

• 同位语Our neighbour, Captain Charles Alison

• We’ll meet him at the harbour early in the morning.

• early/late in the morning. 早上早些/晚些时候

• He will be in his small botat, Topsail. Topsail is a famous little boat.

• small都是体积，形状小，little除了small的意思外，还有可爱小，程度小的意思

• It has sailed across the Atlantic many times.

• 现在完成时，the Atlantic Ocean，太平洋

• Captain Alison will set out at eight o’clock,so we’ll have plenty of time.

• set out = set off，出发。set，放置好，out/off，脱离离开，就是出发的意思。

• plenty of，可以接可数或者不可数名词。plenty of time/ideas.

• He will be away for two months.

• away是延续性动作，leave是非延续性动作，不能接一段时间

• We are very proud of him.

• He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.

• take part in与enter for都是参与，有啥区别？FIXME

12.4 扩展

12.4.1 短语动词be

• be away，离开

• He will be away for two months.

• be back，回来

• I’m going out now. I’ll be back at six o’clock.

• be out，出去

• I’ll be out all morning.

• be in，在家或者时髦

• I went to Ted’s house and asked to see him but he wasn’t it.

• be over，结束

• Why don’t you forget about it? It’s all over.

• be on，上映

• What’s on at the local cinema this week.

• be up to it，胜任xxx

• She is very ill. She can’t start work yet. She is not up to it.

• be after，寻找，期望购买

• I am after a special present for my wife.

• be up，起床

• He is not up yet, and it’s 11 o’clcok.

• be up for sale，可供出售

• A public house which was recently bought by Mr.Ian Thompson is up for sale. Lesson 47.

等价句子：

• You can’t take the exam yet. You are not capable of it.

• You can’t take the exam yet. You are not up to it.

• When the concert ended, we went home.

• When the concert was over, we went home.

12.4.2 短语动词set

set的短语

• set，准备好

• Please set the table for dinner tonight.

• set out，出发。

• Captain Alison will set out at eight o’clock.

• set off，出发。

• Tom and I set off early in the morning.

• set up，创造记录。

• Jansen set up a new record for the 400 metres.

• set up，搭起

• Late in the afternoon, the boys set up their tent in the middle of a field.

12.5 积累

12.5.1 瞬时性动作

• leave

• He will leave for two months. 错误

• He will be away for two months. 正确

• die

• He has died for ten years. 错误

• He has been dead for ten years. 正确

• arrive

• When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.

• They will be arriving here tomorrow. 将来进行时

• open

• While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.

• sneak

• While/as/When they were sleeping, a thief sneaked in.

• hear

• While he was reading the letter, he heard a knock at the door.

• begin

• He has begun to laugh and sing for ten minutes. 错误

• He has tried to laugh and sing for ten minutes. 正确

P127 * appear * She often appears on the stage as a young girl. * In the play, she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stocking.

• appreciate

• I think young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.

• be

• believe

• Do you believe that sugar makes us fat?

• notice

• You never notice what’s going on around you.

• feel

• If you feel better, you can get up.

• find

• If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.

• forget

• Why don’t you forget about it? It’s all over.

• resemble，像，相似

• Does he resemble his father?

• An etching made by a process that makes it resemble a water color.

• hear

• I heard some voice.

• know

• Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.

• like

• He’s listening to that music! He must like it!

• look like

• I had a mental image of what she would look like.

• remember

• I remembered to post your letter.

• see

• Can you see any mistakes?

• think

• I think they’re watching TV.

• understand

• I can’t understand this picture.

13 Lesson 13

13.1 单词

group[ɡruːp]，n. 小组，团体

• a group of …
• a group of people

pop[pɒp] singer，流行歌手

• pop music.
• pop songs.

club[klʌb]，n. 俱乐部

• a football club
• a club manager
• a night club

performance[pəˈfɔːməns]，n. 演出，可数名词。

• give a performance. 举行1场演出
• give five performances. 举行5场演出

occasion[əˈkeɪʒ(ə)n]，n. 场合，可数名词

• on these occasions, 在这些场合。
• once .. and on another occasion. 一次…在另外一个场合是…
• occasional[əˈkeɪʒən(ə)l]，adj. 某些场合的，偶然的
• occasionally[əˈkeɪʒnəli]，adv. 偶尔

13.2 语法

13.2.1 现在进行时与过去进行时的回忆

现在进行时的场景：

• 表示现在正在进行的事情，此时此刻，或者现阶段，重点！
• 表示将来确定要发生的事情，重点！

第一种的例句有：

• I am having breakfast now.
• J.K. Rowling is writing another book this year.

第二种的例句有：

• I am coming to see you.
• We are arriving at …
• The old man is dying.

过去进行时的含义有：

• 对时间有持续的要求，开始于过去，结束于过去。时间状语可以是在原句中，也可以是隐含在上下文语境中。
• 强调了动作的持续发生，这过去的整个时间段，动作没有停下来，一直在发生。

场景：

• 铺陈故事背景，常搭配when/while/as来使用。
• 强调动作的不停歇，增强了故事的描述性，细致描述过去的那个时段发生的事情，让读者有身临其境的感觉

第一种场景：

• When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.
• While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.

第二种场景：

• Karen Marsh arrived at London Airport today. She was wearing a blue dress and a mink coat.
• was wearing隐含在了当时的today.
• The plane was late and detetives were waiting at the airport all morning.
• were waiting在all morning里面不停歇
• They were expecting a valueable parcel of diamonds from South Africa.
• were expecting隐含在了上一句的all morning中

13.2.2 将来进行时

结构：

• will be doing.
• shall be doing.
• am/is/are going to be doing .语法正确，但是太长了，实际很少用

凡是进行时都有一个中心意思，正在进行的。

• 现在进行时，I am having breakfast now.
• 过去进行时，常搭配when/while/as来使用，While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.
• 将来进行时，I will be waiting here at 10:00 tomorrow.

同时，进行时都有一个引申的含义：

• 现在进行时，马上确定要发生的事情，I am coming to see you. / We are arriving at …
• 过去进行时，动作不停歇，The detetives were waiting at the airport all morning.
• 将来进行时，确定要发生的将来，They will be coming by tain.在口语中，还能表达委婉客气的语气。‘A new play is coming to “The Globe” soon,’ I said ‘Will you be seeing it?’

因此，将来进行时有两个含义：

• 将来某时正在进行，I will be waiting here at 10:00 tomorrow.
• 将来确定要发生的事情，They will be coming by tain.
• 口语中表达委婉客气的语气，尤其是提出问题但又不想迫使对方作出明确答复时，Will you be seeing it? Lesson 40.

13.2.3 将来进行时的否定与疑问

• They will be coming by train.
• They will not be coming by tain.
• Will they be coming by tain?

13.2.4 将来进行时和一般将来时

结构不同：

• 一般将来时，will do/shall do/am,is,are going to do
• 将来进行时，will be doing/shall be doing.

含义不同：

• 一般将来时，将来可能要发生的事情，表示了主语的意愿、决心、许诺。
• 将来进行时，将来确定要发生的事情，将来某时正在进行的事情。表示了单纯的将来，只陈述事实。

例如：

• When will you finish these letters? 上司对下属

• When will you be seeing Mr.White? 下属对上司

• What will you be doing this tomorrow. 不是问意图，只问事实

• I’ll be playing tennis.

• Mary won’t pay this bill. 她拒绝付账

• Mary won’t by paying this bill. 将来的事实

• Won’t you join us for dinner? 邀请

• Won’t you be joining us for dinner? 将来的事实

13.3 课文

13.3.1 重点句型

• At present, they are visiting all parts of the country.

• present，n. 现在/礼物，adv.存在，现存

• all parts of the country = all over the country.

• all over 也可以搭配all over the world.

• They will be arriving here tomorrow.

• They will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.

• Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers’ Club.

• The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days.

• 将来进行时，强调了确定要发生的将来事情

• During the time, they will give five performances.

• As usual, the police will have a difficult time.

• 一般将来时，相对没有那么确定了

• the police, 表示一个整体，复数形式

• They will be trying to keep order.

• keep order. 维持秩序

• get sth. in order. 整理好东西，get my new room in order. 整理我的新房间

• take order. 接受命令，May I take your order, please? 我可以帮你下单吗？

13.4 扩展

13.4.1 present

present[ˈprez(ə)nt], n. 现在/礼物.at present = now

• Yesterday is history.
• Tomorrow is a mystery.
• Today is a gift.
• That’s why it is called ‘the present’.

13.5 积累

14 Lesson 14

14.1 单词

funny[ˈfʌni], adj. 可笑的、滑稽的, 稍有贬义色彩

• He closed his speech with a funny joke.
• 他用一则有趣的笑话结束了演讲

amusing[əˈmjuːzɪŋ]，adj. 有趣的，有意思的

experience[ɪkˈspɪəriəns]，n. 经历，经验

• an amusing experience
• working experience

wave[weɪv]，v. 招手。n. 波浪，海浪

lift[lɪft]

• 22. 拎着，lift a basket/box
• 14. 电梯
• 14. 搭便车，ask sb. for a lift.

reply[rɪˈplaɪ]，v. 回答。reply的特点是vi. 不及物动词，后面需要加上to介词，才能搭配宾语

• reply to sb./sth.
• answer sb./sth.

language[ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ]，n. 语言

• the same language
• a foreign/native language
• body language

14.2 语法

14.2.1 过去完成时

• 功能，立足于过去某一时刻，在这时刻之前完成的动作、状态
• 结构，主语 + had + done（实义动词的过去分词），其中，had是助动词，没有现在完成时的人称变化。
• 场景，过去的之前

例如：

• When he got there, she was not there. She had left.

过去完成时，总是搭配着一般过去时来使用。因为要过去完成时总是要表达“过去的之前”，那首先要定义好“过去”是指什么时间，才能体现到“过去的之前”。在实际使用，我们总是用一般过去时来定义“过去”是指什么时间。

• He finsihed work. He went home. (after)

• 正确，After he finished work, he went home. 都用一般过去时都可以，只是缺乏体现过去事件的先后顺序

• 正确，After he had finished work, he went home. 用现在过去时能更好地表达过去事件的先后顺序

• 正确，He went home, after he had finished work.

• He finished lunch. He asked for a glass of water.(when)

• 正确，When he finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water. 都用一般过去时都可以，只是缺乏体现过去事件的先后顺序

• 正确，When he had finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water. 用现在过去时能更好地表达过去事件的先后顺序

• The sun set. We returned to our hotel.(as soon as)

• As soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel.

• as soon as相当于时间更加紧密的after，相当于just after

• on也可以相当于as soon as

• On seeing the plane coming towards me, I dashed for cover.

• If you had got ready sooner, we wouldn’t have missed the plane.

• If you had given me the right time, we wouldn’t have missed the plane.

要点有：

• 过去完成时在语法角度有，had + been + 非动词的形式，但是实际场景中很少使用，
• 与现在完成时一样，完成时的表达不像中文需要一个“已经”来表达，而是通过have/has/had来表达，没有already也能表达完成时。

14.2.2 过去完成时的否定和疑问

• She had left.
• SHe had not left.
• Had she left.
• What had she done?

14.2.3 过去完成时的例子

例如：

• She had done her homework before 10:00 last night.

• 现在完成时，立足于现在，发生在过去的事情，影响在立足点。
• 过去完成时，立足于过去，发生在比过去更之前的事情，影响在立足点。

He had left by the time I arrived.

• I arrived，一般过去时，也是立足点
• He had left，过去完成时，发生在立足点之前的动作

因此，这句话的意思是，截止在我到了这个时刻之前，他已经走了。

After they had entered the house, they went into the dining room.

• they went into the dining room, 一般过去时，也是立足点
• they had entered the house. 过去完成时，发生在立足点之前的动作。

因此，这句话的意思是，他们先进入房子，而后进入饭厅

I asked the price of the car, but they had already sold it.

• I asked the price of the car, 一般过去时，也是立足点
• they had already sold it，过去完成时，发生在立足点之前的动作

因此，这句话的意思是我问了汽车价格，但是他们早就把车卖掉了

I ran to the platform quickly, but the train had already left.

• I ran to the platform quickly, 一般过去时，也是立足点
• the train had already left， 过去完成时，发生在立足点之前的动作

因此，这句话的意思，我飞快地冲向站台，但是火车早就开走了。

14.2.4 过去完成时 vs. 现在完成时

结构：

• 过去完成时，had done，过去的之前
• 现在完成时，have/has done，现在的之前

例子:

• It is 10:00. I have waited for 2 hours.
• It was 10:00. I had waited for 2 hours.

14.2.5 过去完成时 vs. 一般过去时 vs. 过去将来时

结构：

• 过去完成时，had done，过去的之前
• 一般过去时，did，过去
• 过去将来时，would do，过去的之后

例子：

• The plane was late.

• A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.

• On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall.

• … a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock.

• It would strike twelve in twenty minutes’ time

14.3 课文

14.3.1 重点句型

• I had an amusing experience last year.

• After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.

• in the south/east/west/north of … ，在地点的东/南/西/北方

• drive on，on是副词，表示继续做某事。该短语的意思，持续开车

• drove是过去，had left是过去的之前

• On the way, a young man waved to me.

• on the way to …，去…（地点）的路上

• on one’s way to …，某人去…（地点）的路上，on my way to work，我去工作的路上

• As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language.

• get into，搭配小汽车（较小），get on，on the train/bus/plane，火车/飞机/巴士/公交都是用介词on，较大。get in the boat，小船用介词in。

• in French，用…语言

• Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.

• Apart from，除了…。另外一个等价为Except for

• not … at all，一点也不…

• Neither of us spoke during the journey.

• I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, “Do you speak English.”

• said是过去，had reached是过去的之前

• As I soon learnt, he was English himself.

• learn，除了学习，还有了解，得知。

• FIXME，As/while后面不是要用进行时吗，啥用法

14.4 扩展

14.4.1 介词in

用法有：

• 恋爱，in love。 He is in love。
• 三合一，three in one。
• 综合能力部，All in one。
• in + 语言，用….语言。Please speak in English。
• in + 颜色，穿着…颜色的衣服。The girl is in red。
• in cash，使用现金。pay in cash。
• in the rain，冒雨。They walk in the rain。

14.4.2 短语动词ask

• ask sb.，向某人请教
• ask sth.，问（问题，原因）
• ask for sth. ，要求（某样东西）
• I asked a question, I did not ask for an answer.

ask[ɑːsk]，短语

• ask (sb.) for sth. He asked me for a lift.
• ask for sth. When he had finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water.
• ask sb. sth. My mother ask me the reason.
• ask sth to sb. My mother ask the reason to me.
• ask to do sth. I went to Ted’s house and asked to see him but he wasn’t it.
• ask sb. to do sth. While he was having dinner, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.

14.4.3 neither of/none of/either of/which of/both of

• Neither of，of是介词，后面只能跟宾语，不能跟主语，表示两者都不
• None of，表示三者或者以上都不。除此以外，none of …还能表示no sth。I found none of the students. = I found no students.

例如：

• Neither of the soliders.
• Neither of them/you
• Neither of the twins liked sleeping during the daytime.
• None of the leaves can be green forever.

先说简单的：

• which of，用于询问两个或者三个，或者以上的偏爱哪一个或者选择哪一个。I like both of these bags, Which of the two do you prefer?
• both of，两者都，复数含义，代词前面必须用both of，名词前可以用both，也可以用both of。Both books/Both of books are interesting. / I love both of you. / Both of us/them left early.
• either of，两者任一, 单数含义，I like either of them, It doesn’t matter wich.
• neither of，两者都不，单数含义，I don’t like neither of them, I use a suitcase.

14.4.4 except for/apart from

except[ɪkˈsept]，prep. 除…之外。

• 除了Sam，大家都来了。（Sam没来）
• Everybody is here except Sam.
• 除了Sam，还有很多人戴眼镜
• Besides Sam there are many who wear glasses.（Sam戴了）

中文的“除…之外”，同时包含了“减号”和“加号”的意思。但是英文的“除…之外”只包含了“减号”的意思，“加号”的意思是通过Besides来表达的。

except/except for/apart from，都表达“除…之外”，都是接短语，有时可以互相替代。唯一区别在于，except不能用于句首。

• Everyone has helped in some way apart from/except for/except you.
• I have no other books except/except for these.
• Apart from/Except for you, everyone has helped in some way.

14.5 积累

14.5.1 小品词

某些介词和副词，当动词搭配它们以后，意思会发生改变，这些介词和副词称为小品词。介词和副词的区别在于：

• 介词，总是构成介宾结构，后面有宾语，位置相对不可以调整。动词大部分是vi，可以是vt.
• 副词，没有介宾结构，位置相对可以调整，当有宾语的时候，动词必须是vt. 因为副词是可以从句子中删除的，只有vt.在删除副词后依然能带宾语，vi.不能。当没有宾语的时候，动词就是vt.和vi.都行

我们重点要区分那些词语是副词，以及这些词语作为小品词的时候表达了什么意思。

例子：

• I am looking for Tim. for是介词
• She looked after the baby. after是介词
• He put out the fire.
• He put the fire out. out是副词
• Mother woke up the children.
• Mother woke the children up. up是副词
• She took down the picture.
• She took the picture down. down是副词
• Please turn off the radio.
• Please turn the radio off. off是副词
• John turned on the TV.
• John turned the TV on. on是副词
• Put the cake on the table. on是介词
• She is walking up the hill. up是介词

14.5.2 副词on作为小品词

on是副词，表示继续做某事。该短语的意思，持续开车

• After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.
• He talked on until everybody has gone.

15 Lesson 15

15.1 单词

secretary[ˈsekrətri]，n. 秘书。secret[ˈsiːkrət]，n. 秘密。

nervous[ˈnɜːvəs]，adj. 精神紧张的

• feel nervous，be nervous
• nerve[nɜːv]，n. 神经
• irritable[ˈɪrɪtəb(ə)l]，adj. 易怒的

afford[əˈfɔːd]，v. 付得起(钱)

• afford + n.
• afford to do.

例句：

• Students can afford the E-books.
• The firm can not afford to pay such large salaries.

afford常与情态动词can以及be able to一起使用，例如：

• I can afford the car.
• I can afford to buy the car.
• I can’t afford …
• I can’t afford all that money.
• I can’t afford it
• I’m not able to afford the car.
• I’m not able to afford to buy the car.

weak[wiːk]，adj. 弱的

interrupt[ˌɪntəˈrʌpt]，v. 插话，打断

• Don’t interrupt! 语气要粗暴一点，谨慎使用

inter- 是两者或两者以上的，相互之间的前缀

• internet[ˈɪntənet]，n. 互联网。 相互之间的net
• interview[ˈɪntəvjuː]，n. 采访。相互之间的view
• international[ˌɪntəˈnæʃ(ə)nəl]，adj. 国际的。 相互国家之间的
• interaction[ˌɪntərˈækʃ(ə)n]，n. 互动，影响。相互之间的行为（action）

rise[raɪz]，n. 工资增长。

• I promised the workers a rise last month.
• I asked the boss for a rise the other day.
• To my surprise, he offered me a big rise in a salary.

15.2 语法

15.2.1 直接引语转间接引语

宾语从句从直接引语转换为间接引语时候的要点：

• 加that，转为宾语从句
• 人称变化，站在自己的角度看这个人称
• 时态变化，相应过去
• 时间状语要变
• 动作有些时候要改变，come变为go

当主句是过去时的时候，从句的时态变化：

• 原时态，一般现在，新时态，一般过去。
• 原时态，现在完成和一般过去，新时态，过去完成。
• 原时态，一般将来，新时态，过去将来。
• 原时态，现在进行，新时态，过去进行。

时间状语的变化例子：

• now变为then
• two days ago变为two days before/earlier
• today变为that day
• tonight变为that night
• tomorrow变为the next/following day
• last night变为the night before.

FIXME，缺少了一般进行时，以及将来完成时，将来进行时的转换规则。

例如：

• He says, “I am a fool.”

• He says that he was a fool.

• He said, “I am a fool.”

• He said that he was a fool.

• He said, “I will go to Italy.”

• He said that he would go to Italy.

• He said, “I went to Italy”

• He said that he had gone to Italy.

• “Bussiness is very bad.”

• He said that business was very bad.

• “Mr. H will see you.”

• The secretary told me that Mr.H would see me.

• “You will receive a thousand pounds.”

• He told me that I would receive a thousand pounds.

• ‘Come with me’, he suggested.

• He suggested that I should go with him. 动作要变

15.2.2 间接引语的例子

• 一般现在，转换为，一般过去

• Susan says:“I am still at home.”

• Susan said she was still at home。

• I’m busy - What did he say?

• He said he was busy.

• She’s cold - What did he say?

• He said she was cold.

• 现在完成，转换为，过去完成

• Susan says:“I have had breakfast.”

• Susan said she had had her breakfast.

• Miss Marsh:“Yes, I have just made a new film”

• Miss Marsh told me that she had just made a new film.

• I’ve met him. - What did he tell you?

• He told me that he had met him.

• I’ve lost it. - What did he tell you?

• He told me that he had lost it.

• It has stopped. - What did she tell you?

• She told me that it had stopped.

• 一般过去，转换为，过去完成

• Susan says:“I did my job well”

• Susan said she had done her job well.

• 一般将来，转换为，过去将来

• Susan says:“I am going to visit Xiamen”

• Susan said she was going to visit Xiamen

• Miss Marsh:“No, I am not going to make another”

• Miss Marsh told me that she was not going to make another.

• 现在进行，转换为，过去进行。

• I’m working - What did he tell you?

• He told me that he was working.

• She’s leaving - What did they tell you?

• They told me that she was leaving.

• They’re joking - What did she tell you?

• She told me that they were joking.

间接引语的转换例子

15.3 课文

15.3.1 重点句型

• The secretary told me that Mr.Harmsworth would see me.
• I felt very nervous when I went into his office.
• He did not look up from his desk when I entered.
• After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad.
• He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.
• Twenty people had already left.
• I knew that my turn had come. 非间接引语，是宾语从句
• “Mr. Harmsworth”, I said in a weak voice.
• “Don’t interrupt,” he said.
• Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year.

要点：

• 这次该轮到我了，my turn had come
• 我无力地说，I said in a weak voice.
• 得到1000英镑的额外收入，receive an extra thousand pounds a year.

15.4 扩展

15.4.1 said与told

• tell sb. sth.或者tell sth.（story/it），接宾语从句的时候，只能接tell sb. that …
• say sth. 接宾语从句的时候，能接say sth.

例子：

• He told me that she would come (come) the next day.
• He said he could not (can not) understand me.
• I told you I had (have) never played tennis before.
• He said that he was working/worked/had worked (work) all day yesterday.
• Why did you say that you were/had been (be) busy.

15.4.2 such与so

区别在于：

• so是副词，修饰形容词和副词。
• such是形容词，修饰名词。

对象：

• so和such都可以修饰可数名词单数
• 只有such可以修饰可数名词复数，和不可数名词
• 只有so可以接上many/much

词序:

• so + adj. + a/an + n.
• such + a/an + adj. + n.

例如：

• so nice a coat = such a nice coat.
• so interesting a book = such an interesting book. I’ve never read so interesting a book. = I’ve never read such an interesting book.
• such beautiful flowers. 不能用so
• such clear children. 不能用so
• so much trouble. 不能用such. William caused the company so much trouble that the boss had to dismiss him.
• so many mistakes. 不能用such. You should not make so many mistakes.

such还能表达出“这样的，如此的”的意思。

• You should say such things.
• He often talks about such things.

15.5 积累

16 Lesson 16

16.1 单词

park[pɑːk]

• 14. 公园，停车场
• 22. 停放（汽车）

搭配有：

• park your car in the wrong place.
• parking signs.
• “No Parking” areas.

ticket[ˈtɪkɪt]，n. 票。交警开的票，引申为罚款单。

note[nəʊt]，n. 便条

reminder[rɪˈmaɪndə(r)]，n. 提示。er结尾的不一定是人，可能是提醒你的东西。

• This note is only a reminder.
• remind[rɪˈmaɪnd]，v. 提示，提醒。

fail[feɪl]，v. 无视，忘记；失败

• fail to do sth. 没能/无法去做某事。fail to obey it. They fail to finish the work on time.
• fail sb. 使得…不及格。The teacher said he would fail me if I don’t work harder.

16.2 语法

16.2.1 状语从句

状语从句

• 状语，是指表达描述和补充信息的
• 状语从句，以句子的形式表达描述补充信息的。

状语从句的一些例子：

• 条件状语从句，You will miss the train, if you don’t hurry.
• 时间状语从句，When he was driving …, he saw two theives.
• 原因状语从句，I can’t go with you, because I don’t have time.

条件状语从句，以句子的形式表达描述补充信息的，例如是，if如果，once一旦，等。

条件状语从句分为：

• 真实的，假设有可能成真的，例如，如果明天下雨，如果他现在很忙，这些假设都是有可能成真的。
• 虚拟的，假设是不可能成真的，例如，如果我是你，这个假设是显然不能成真的。

真实的条件状语从句：

• 假设在过去
• 假设在现在
• 假设在未来

我们这一节主要探讨真实的条件状语从句

16.2.2 真实的条件状语从句

条件状语从句，是带有假设性的，它的特点在于主从句的时态是有要求的，要点为：

• 假设过去，从句过去的各种时态，主句过去将来时
• 假设现在，从句现在的各种时态，主句一般将来时
• 假设将来，从句一般现在时（替代将来），主句一般将来时

为什么要这样要求，因为从句代表假设的条件，主句代表假设的结果，那么结果总是在假设之后发生的，因为主句总是用过去将来时和一般将来时。但是时态中不存在将来的将来的说法，所以，当我们在假设将来的时候，从句需要降级为一般将来时，表将来，主句继续使用一般将来时。

条件状语从句的主句形式是可以更加多变的，例如：

• 主句陈述句，If you don’t hurry, you will miss the train.
• 主句情态动词，If you feel better, you can get up. / If he finds something wrong, he may tell you.
• 主句祈使句，If you want something done, ask a woman. / If you make a mistake, correct it.

在实际应用中，超过90%的场景都是假设将来的，所以我们常用“主将从现”的说法。当然，对于假设过去的场景，这种说法是不太严谨的。

• 假设现在

• If he is out, I will call him tomorrow.

• If he is working, I won’t disturb him.

• 假设过去

• If tall chimneys were built above sea level, the tunnel would be well-ventilated.

• 假设将来

• 正确，If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.

• 错误，If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home.

• If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.

• You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket.

16.2.3 真实的条件状语从句的主句形式

当真实的条件状语从句，假设将来的时候，主句有三种形式：

• 主将从现
• 主情从现
• 主祈从现

例如：

• 时态1：主将从现

• If there is anything you need, I will not be far away.

• 如果你需要，我就在你身边

• If money is not your servant, it will be your master.

• 如果钱不是你的奴仆，它将成为你的主人

• If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will start out. 注意，即使有tomorrow，从句也必须使用一般现在时，因为这是条件状语从句的要求。另外，出发需要翻译为start out.

• 如果明天不下雨，我们就出发

• If he has enough time next week, he will come to see you. 注意，即使有next week，从句也必须使用一般现在时。

• 如果下周有时间，他就来看你。

• If you break this window. you’ll have to pay for it!

• If you don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train.

• If he falls, he’ll hurt himself.

• If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the seaside.

• If he misses the bus, he will take a taxi.

• If he doesn’t sell his old car, he won’t buy a new one.

• If they offer you more money, you will work less.

疑问形式：

• What will you do if you have a lot of money.

• 如果我有很多钱，我就去环游世界

• I will travel round the world if I have a lot of money.

• 如果我有很多钱，我就什么都不做。

• I will do nothing if I have a lot of money.

• 时态2：主情从现

• If you are the smartest person in the room, you must be in the wrong room.

• 如果你是这个房间里最聪明的人，你一定呆错房间了。

• If you promise to keep a secret, I call tell you the truth.

• 如果你能保守秘密，我可以告诉你真相

• If you feel better, you can get up.

• If he sells that car, he can buy a new one.

• She can live abroad if she is rich.

• He can travel round the world if he is rich.

• He can buy a new house if he is rich.

• 时态3：主祈从现

• If you want something said, ask a man.

• If you want something done, ask a woman.

条件状语从句的从句总是一般现在时

16.3 课文

16.3.1 重点句型

• If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic pliceman will soon find it.
• You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket.
• However, this doest not always happen.
• Traffic police are sometimes very plite.
• During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car:“sir, we welcome you to our city.”
• This is a “No Parking” area.
• You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs.
• This note is only a reminder.
• If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it.

要点：

• 他没给你罚款就放你走了，He lets you go without a ticket.
• policeman，单数，policemen，复数。police，只有复数形式
• enjoy one’s stay, 呆得很愉快
• street sign，街上的标牌
• welcome sb. to sp. 例如，we welcome you to our city.

16.4 扩展

16.4.1 真实的状语从句题目

• If it rains (rain) , I shall take an umbrella with me.
• You will never pass (pass) this exam if you don’t work hard.
• If he plays well, he will get (get) into the team.
• If he enjoys (enjoy) concerts, why doesn’t he come with us?

16.4.2 remember和remind.

• remind sb. to do sth. 例如，I reminded him to post my letter.
• remember to do do sth. 例如，I remembered to post your letter.
• remember sb. to sb. 例如，Remember me to your mother. 代我向你的母亲问好

16.5 积累

17 Lesson 17

17.1 单词

appear[əˈpɪə(r)]， v. 登场，扮演。原意是，出现

• disappear[ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r)]，v. 消失
• appearance[əˈpɪərəns]，n. 出现，外貌。

例句：

• She often appears on the stage as a young girl.
• In the play, she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stocking.

appear的几种用法：

• 出现，Suddenly, a car appeared.
• 当众露面；登场，I can’t appear in this dress at the party./ Miss Marsh will appear in tonight’s play.
• 似乎，与seem同义，She appears to know you./Now it appears you are wrong.

stage[steɪdʒ]，n. 舞台

• on the stage，在舞台上
• stage fright[fraɪt]，怯场

bright[braɪt]，adj. 鲜艳的（光明的，聪明的）

• bright red/colour
• bright future/prospect[ˈprɒspekt]
• look on the bright side of things. 看向事情光明的一面

stocking[ˈstɒkɪŋ]，n. 长筒袜。既包括女用的丝袜，也包括男用的踢球长袜。

sock[sɒk]，n. 短袜

stocking与sock一般都是双腿的，都是通常以复数形式出现。

17.2 语法

17.2.1 情态动词

情态动词的常用集合

• must，have to/had to，否定引申有needn’t
• may，might
• can，could，引申有be able to
• will，would
• shall，should

情态动词的要点在于：

• 情态动词不能单独使用，后面必须跟上动词原形
• 一般没有人称的变化，只有有限的have to等情态动词有人称的变化
• 时态的变化很有限，只有现在和过去两种，没有将来的时态。must没有时态变化，may的过去式为might，can的过去式为could，will的过去式为would，shall的过去式为should，have/has to的过去式为had to
• 单一性，一个句子最多只有一个情态动词
• 否定的时候情态动词+ not，疑问的时候情态动词提前。

情态动词的四大场景：

• 表情态，must是必须，may是可能，can是能够
• 表推测，must是一定是，may是可能是，can’t是不可能是
• 表请求（疑问句），could/would/should不仅是can/will/shall的过去式，也是表婉转表达的方式
• 表允许（回答），

17.2.2 must情态动词

must的情景：

• 表情态，“必须”，不可避免的义务，只用于现在时和将来时
• 表推测，“肯定，一定是”
• 表请求（疑问句），没有
• 表允许（回答），没有

have to的场景：

• 表情态，“必须”，可用于所有时态
• 表推测，没有
• 表请求（疑问句），没有
• 表允许（回答），没有

must表推测，“肯定，一定”

• She must be 35 years old.
• You must be the new teacher.
• He looks pale. He must be ill.

must表不可避免的义务，“必须”

• I must do it now.
• She must do it now.
• You must do it tomorrow.
• They must do it yesterday.

改为have to的形式

• I have to do it now.
• She has to do it now.
• You will have to do it tomorrow.
• They had to do it yesterday.

have got to也可以做到have to的用法，也可以表达“必须”的意思，但是实际生活中，很少使用。

have to没有表推测的能力

但是，P77，在过去时的句子中，表“必须”的时候，我们只能使用had to，不能使用must。因为must只用于现在时和将来时

• 正确，She had to go shopping yesterday.
• 错误，She must go shopping yesterday.

选must，表推测

填must be wrong，表推测

17.2.3 have to情态动词

第一点，意思：

• have to，不得不，非得，被迫。往往表达了说话人主观上不愿意，或者说话人表示同情。
• must，必须，客观上需要做的事情，主观上也是愿意去做的事情。

第二点，词性：

• have to，情态动词
• must，情态动词

第三点，时态变化：

• have to - had to，有过去时的变化You had to，也有完成时的变化You have had to。
• must - must，无时态变化

第四点，人称变化：

• have to - has to(三单形式)，有人称变化
• must - must，无人称变化

第五点，疑问句：

• have to - 借助do/does/did提前
• must - 提前must

第六点，否定形式：

• have to - don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to
• must - don’t need to

站在语义的角度，don’t have to与don’t need to是等价的，毕竟must与have to都表达了必须的意思。

第七点，疑问句的回答：

• Do you have to go now?

• Yes, I have to.

• No, I don’t have to. / No, I don’t need to.

• Must I pass the exam?

• Yes, please.

• I’m afraid so.

• I must water the garden first.

• Do you have to water it now? （说话人主观不愿意对方去浇花）

• I’m afraid I must.

最后，可以看到要点：

• 普通的情态动词may，can，must都没有人称变化，但是have to有人称变化
• 普通的情态动词may，can，must组成疑问和否定形式，都是借用自己本身，而have to则是将have看成实义动词来构造的，因此它包含了更多的时态变化，甚至允许放在完成时中。

have to是一个结构像实义动词的情态动词。

例句有：

• Do you have to go now?

• Yes, I have to leave immediately.

• Do you have to get up tomorrow morning?

• Yes. I’ll have to get up at six o’clock 。放在了将来时

• Did you have to take a taxi?

• I’m afraid I had to. I couldn’t get a bus.

• Hasn’t your friend arrived yet? How long have you had to wait? 放在了完成时

• I’ve had to wait for two hours.

• Do you have to water the garden?

• No, I don’t need to water it now. It’s going to rain.

• Do we have to walk to the station?

• No, We don’t need to. We can catch a bus.

习题如上，难度不高

17.2.4 must推测的时态

推测现在或者将来

• You must be the new teacher. 一般现在时
• They must be waiting for you. 现在进行时

推测过去

• It must have rained last night. 一般过去时
• She must have cried just now. 一般过去时
• You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour. 过去进行时

为什么结构是这样？

• must作为情态动词，后面必须跟原形，must + do，和must + be doing，能表达现在的两种时态
• must + have done，和must + have been doing，通过借用现在完成时的结构来表达过去的时态，既然既不违反后面必须情态动词必须跟原形的规则，又能表达过去的结构。这样，就引入了类似完成进行时的时态，来表达对过去进行的推测。
• 所有结构都用光了，表达将来的时态，只能与表达现在的时态完全一致，你总不能用must + will do，这样太难看了，will只是个助动词，不能在must情态动词后面。

在情态动词表推测的时态中，时态是通过实义动词来表达，和主动语态是一样的。唯一不同的是，借用了现在完成时来表达对过去的推测

• walks -> must walk
• am/is/are walking -> must be walking
• walked -> must have walked
• was/were walking -> must have been walking

17.2.5 情态动词表推测

情态动词表推测

第一种，三种用法：

• 一定是，must be
• 可能是，may be
• 不可能是，can’t be

第二种，只能加非动词，不能加实义动词，例如+ n./adj./prep./pron./num ….

例如：

• 他一定是一个教师吧。
• He must be a teacher. 其中，+n.
• 他女朋友一定很漂亮吧
• His girlfriend must be pretty. 其中，+adj.
• 他的书包可能在家
• His school bag may be at home. 其中，+prep.
• 这不可能是她的
• This can’t be hers. 其中，+pron.
• He can’t be ill. / He must be tired. 其中，+adj.
• It can’t be my new hat. / It must be my old one. 其中，+n.
• She can’t be Danish. / She must be Swedish. 其中，+adj.
• He can’t be a dentist. / He must be a doctor. 其中，+n.
• She can’t be forty. / She must be fifty. 其中，+num.
• It can’t be 20th. / It must be 21st. 其中，+num.
• He can’t be the youngest./ He must be the oldest. 其中，+adj.
• He can’t be reading. / He must be sleeping. 其中，特殊用法，+动词的现在分词形式

第三种，在少部分情况下，情态动词表推测也可以不用be的结构，这个时候，情态动词直接 +实义动词。情态动态的用法既可能是表推测，也可能是表必须，能够的原来的意思，需要按照上下文来推断，不能按照结构来推断。

• must + v.
• may + v.
• can’t + v.

例如：

• 你一定认识他吧
• You must know him.也可以翻译，你必须认识他，实际需要根据上下文来推断。
• 他不可能邀请你
• He can’t invite you. 也可以翻译，他不能够邀请你，实际需要根据上下文推断。

习题如上，较为简单

17.2.6 情态动词表推测的时态

情态动词表推测的时候，会推测对象的时态情况，例如：

• 他一定是周杰伦的儿子，一般现在时
• 他现在一定在打游戏机，现在进行时
• 他小时候一定很受欢迎，一般过去时
• 他刚才一定在走神，过去进行时

因此，情态动词在表推测的时候，考虑到时态的变化，其结构也应该有所变化。

第一点，一般现在时态的推测，有两种结构

结构：

• 肯定是，must be + 非动词
• 不可能是，can’t be + 非动词
• 可能是，may be + 非动词

例句:

• He must be Jay’s son
• She must be Zhouxun’s daughter.
• He may be Chenguanxi’s son

结构2；

• 肯定是，must + 动词原形
• 不可能是，can’t + 动词原形
• 可能是，may + 动词原形

该结构与原情态动词的用法一致，所以需要联系上下文，来确定，它是表推测，还是表必须，能够的意思。

例句2：

• He must know that.

第二点，现在进行时态的推测

结构：

• 此刻肯定正在，must be + doing（动词现在分词）
• 此刻不可能正在，can’t be + doing（动词现在分词）
• 此刻可能正在，may be + doing（动词现在分词）

例句：

• He must be sleeping now.
• He can’t be studying now.

第三点，一般过去时态的推测，有两种结构

结构：

• 那时肯定是，must have been + 非动词
• 那时不可能是，can’t have been + 非动词
• 那时可能是，may have been + 非动词

借用了have been的形式来表达一般过去时，同时恰好在推测语境中，基本不会出现现在完成时的情况，导致了该结构不会产生冲突的情况。

例句：

• 他小时候肯定很高
• He must have been tall when he was young.
• 以前他一定很富有
• He must have been rich before.

结构2：

• 那时肯定是，must have + 动词（过去分词）
• 那时不可能是，can’t have + 动词（过去分词）
• 那时可能是，may have + 动词（过去分词）

例句2：

• 他小时候篮球肯定打得很好
• He must have played basketball well when he was young.
• 以前他一定赚了很多钱
• He must have made a lot of money before.

第四点，过去进行时的推测

结构：

• 那时肯定正在，must have been + 动词（现在分词）
• 那时不可能正在，can’t have been + 动词（现在分词）
• 那时可能正在，may have been + 动词（现在分词）

例句：

• 我那时不可能在课室睡觉
• I can’t have been dreaming at class.
• 你当时一定是以70英里的时速开车的。
• You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour.

例题如上，比较简单

had to是不得不，被迫要做，must have been是一般过去时的推测。

第五点，一般将来时，和将来进行时，都采用和现在时对应的结构

• Where will he go?
• He may go to the cinema.
• I’m not sure.

一般将来时，采用和一般现在时相同的推测结构

17.3 课文

17.3.1 重点句型

• My aunt Jennifer is an actress.
• She must be at least thirty-five years old. 表推测，must be
• In spite of this, she often appears on the stage as a young girl.
• Jennifer will have to take part in a new play soon. 表必须，have to
• Last year in another play, she had to wear short socks and a bright,orange-coloured dress. 表必须，had to
• If anyone ever asks her how old she is, she always answers,“Darling, it must be terrible to be grown up.” 表推测，must be。FIXME，if但不是条件状语从句。

要点：

• at least，至少
• In spite of，相当于Despite，两个都是介词，后面接短语。Although是连词，后面接句子
• grow up是不及物动词，因此be grown up也不是被动语态。be grown up是形容词词组，grown是长大的，成年的意思。其中，it是形式主语，to be grown up才是真正的主语。另外，改为to grow up的话，意思就变为“成长是可怕的”，而不是“成年是可怕的”
• 穿着，appear in a bright red dress. = wear a bright red dress.
• 扮演小姑娘，appear as a young girl = be a young girl.
• 演出时，In the play.
• 这一次，This time
• 也要参加一个新剧的演出，will have to take part in a new play
• 在舞台上扮演小姑娘，appear on the stage as a young girl.
• 这一次，她将扮演一个17岁的少女，this time, she will be a girl of seventeen.

17.4 扩展

17.4.1 as的用法

• 原因状语从句，because.

• I cannot come as I am busy.

• 由于忙，我不能来

• As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic-standard swimming pool. Lesson 37

• 时间状语从句，at the time when.

• As I was leaving the house,the postman brought a letter.

• 在我离开房子的时候，邮递员送来一封信，这里的As相当于while

• Tomorrow he will be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to England.

• 这里的As相当于when

• Yesterday afternoon, He was telling me about his experiences as a young man.

• But as a boy, he used to work in a small shop

• 方式状语从句，the thing that.

• Do as you are told.

• 叫你怎么做你就怎么做

• 原级比较

• People are not so honest as they once were.

• He is as tall as you.

• 介词，作为，in the position of

• He works as an engineer.

• 他担任工程师的工作

17.4.2 grow vs. grow up

• grow，vi，成长，vt. 养殖
• grow up，vi. 心智成熟（成人），长大成人（小孩）

例句：

• Children grow quickly. The grass has grown very high
• 孩子们长得很快。草长得很高。
• Joe grows more flower. More flowers grow in his garden
• Joe养很多花。
• Some people never grow up.
• 有些人总是成熟不起来
• What do you do when you’re grown up?
• 等你长大了，你想干什么？
• Where did you grow up? I grew up in Beijing.
• 你在哪里长大的？我在北京长大的

17.5 积累

18 Lesson 18

18.1 单词

bill[]，n. 账单，单据，清单/钞票/法案/广告

• pay the bill
• US dollar bills. 美元钞票
• a crime bill，犯罪法案
• a bill board，广告看板

landlord[ˈlændlɔːd]，n. 店主

18.2 语法

18.2.1 have的用法

have的用法有两种：

• 实义动词，有/吃喝玩乐
• 助动词，完成时

变否定和疑问的规则

• 当have是实义动词的时候，需要借用助动词do/does/did来构成否定和疑问
• 当have是助动词的时候，直接在have后面+not构成否定，将have提前构成疑问

18.2.2 实义动词have，有

实义动词have来表达“有”，own/possess

• I have a book.

• I do not have a book.

• Do I have a book?

• She has a book.

• She doesn’t have a book.

• Does she have a book?

• He had a surprise.

• He didn’t have a surprise.

• Did he have a surprise?

18.2.3 实义动词have，吃喝玩乐做

实义动词have来表达“吃喝玩乐做”

• have a meal
• have breakfast
• have some water
• have fun
• have a good time
• have a swim

例句：

• He had a good time.
• He didn’t have a good time.
• Did he have a good time?

18.2.4 助动词have，完成时

助动词have，用于完成时态（过去完成时，现在完成时）

• I have received a letter.

• I have not received a letter

• Have I received a letter?

• She has bought a gift.

• She has not bought a gift.

• Has she bought a gift?

• He had left.

• He had not left.

• Had he left?

18.2.5 助动词+实义动词的have

have有两个词性，助动词+实义动词，两者可以同时使用

• have/has had a good time. 第一个have/has是助动词，表现在完成时。第二个had是实义动词，表“吃喝玩乐做”
• had had a good time. 第一个had是助动词，表过去完成时。第二个had是实义动词，表“吃喝玩乐做”

例句：

• I had had lunch at a village pub.
• We have had trouble with the plan.

18.2.6 助动词have got，有

• have/has something. 其中，have是实义动词，表达“有”
• have/has got something. 其中，have是助动词表完成时态，got是get的过去分词形式，两者合并表达“有”

have got与has got仅仅是实义动词have/has的一种等价形式而已，在使用上，注意也有had got的用法，语法上是没问题上，只是实际使用中较少。另外，注意否定句和疑问句的等价变化。

陈述句：

• have = have got
• has = has got

例如：

• I have two sisters. = I have got two sisters.
• She has a new boyfriend. = She has got a new boyfriend.

否定句：

• don’t have = haven’t got = have no
• doesn’t have = hasn’t got = has no

例如：

• I don’t have any time. = I haven’t got any time.
• She doesn’t have a good friend. = She hasn’t got a good friend.

疑问句：

• Do you have …? = Have you got …?
• Does she has …? = Has she got …?

例如：

• Do you have any money? = Have you got any money?
• Does she have a boyfriend? = Has she got a boyfriend?

课文中的等价说法有：

• We have a new house = We have got a new house.
• We haven’t got much tea or coffee = We don’t have much tea or coffee. 翻译为，我们的茶和咖啡不多了
• We haven’t got many tomatoes. = We don’t have many tomatoes.
• We’ve got a lot of potatoes. = We have a lot of potatoes. 单独的have不能缩写，have got的have可以缩写为’ve
• We haven’t got any meat at all = We don’t have any meat at all.
• Have we got any beer and wine? = Do we have any beer and wine?
• I haven’t got much. = I don’t have much.
• I haven’t got much either. = I don’t have much either.

等价说法：

• Mrs. Sullivan has a lot of money. 拥有，have = have got
• He has a farm. 拥有，has = has got
• He had to leave early. 情态动词，have to = have got to
• My mother have a headache. 生病，have = have got
• This sock has a hole in it. 从属拥有，has = has got
• This room has four windows. 从属拥有，has = has got

18.3 课文

18.3.1 重点句型

• I had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasn’t there! 助动词，had
• As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.
• “Did you have a good meal?”, he asked. 实义动词，have
• “Yes,thank you”, I answered,“but I can’t pay the bill. I haven’t got my bag.” 助动词，have
• “I’m very sorry,” he said.
• “My dog had taken it into the garden. He often does this!” 助动词，had

18.4 扩展

18.4.1 短语动词give

• give back，返回

• He returned with my bag and gave it back to me.

• give in，上交

• Give in your exercise books to me.

• give in，投降，无宾语

• He can’t continue fighting. He will soon give in.

• give away，赠送

• I gave away my collection of stamps to the little boy.

• give up，放弃

• I have given up smoking.

• give up，投降，有宾语

• Three of our officers gave them up to the enemy.

例子：

• Will the person who took my ruler please give it (back) to me?
• When my children grew up, I gave all their toys (away)
• When do we have to give (in) our composition. 曲子
• We were losing the battle but we did not give (up)

18.5 积累

18.5.1 实义动词have

have的实义动词的用法要三种：

• 拥有，I have a close friend in Beijing。我在北京有一个亲密的朋友。这个时候的have等价于have got。
• 生病，have a cold，have a headache，have a toothache，have a fever，have a toothache。
• 吃、喝、玩、乐、做….

吃、喝、玩、乐、做….的例子有：

• have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner，吃饭。或者用eat。
• have tea，喝茶，没有a。
• have trouble，遇到问题/麻烦，Lesson 28
• have a biscuit。吃块饼干吧。或者用take，eat。
• have a meal，吃大餐。或者用eat。
• have a glass of whisky，喝杯威士忌吧。或者用drink。
• have a medicine，吃药。或者用take。
• have a cigarette，吸烟
• have a bath，洗澡
• have a haircut，理发
• have a party，聚会
• have a holiday，度假（英式）。或者用go for。
• have a vacation，度假（美式）
• have a good time，玩的开心
• have a lesson，上课(学生)。教师上课，用give a lesson.
• have a seat，坐下
• have an appointment，约会
• have a blind date，相亲
• have an effect，有影响，效果。
• have a picnic，野餐
• have a glimpse of，We had our first glimpse of the snake.

have + a + n. = v. 的结构为：

• have a drink，喝饮料
• have a rest，休息一下吧
• have a swim，游泳
• have a sleep. 睡觉
• have a look，看一下
• have a walk，散步
• have a talk，谈话
• have a try，尝试一下
• have a ride，骑马
• have a wash，清洗
• have a fight，打架
• have a quarrel，吵架
• have a smoke，吸烟一下
• have a shower，洗澡
• have a bath，洗澡

18.5.2 实义动词take

• take a class，教学上课。She is the teacher who takes our class.
• take a rest，休息。I must take a rest for another ten minutes.
• take one’s advice，听取劝告。You’d better take my advice.
• take a holiday/vacation，度假
• take a photo，拍照片
• take a taxi，坐计程车。If he misses the bus, he will take a taxi.
• take the exam，参加考试。You can’t take the exam yet. You are not up to it.
• take order，接受命令，下单，May I take your order, please? 我可以帮你下单吗？
• take a rest，休息，Debbie intends to take short rests every two hours.
• take a seat，坐下，She did not even look up when I took my seat beside her.
• take a risk，冒险. Mr. Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men. Lesson 44 dressed搭配in
• take precautions. 采取预防措施，Dressed in dark glasses and old clothes, they had taken special precautions so that no one should recognize them. Lesson 74

吃药则用take，或者have，绝对不能用eat。因为吃药是按需吃药，吃饭是喜欢就吃，两种吃是不一样的。例如：

• take an aspirin
• take some medicine

18.5.3 实义动词，get

• get a fright，吓了一跳

19 Lesson 19

19.1 单词

hurry[ˈhʌri]，v. 匆忙

• hurry to sp. 例如，hurry to the ticket office./hurry outside.
• Hurry up! 口语，赶快的
• hurriedly[ˈhʌrɪdli]，adv. 匆忙地。do sth. hurriedly.

pity[ˈpɪti]，n. 令人遗憾的事

• What a pity! 多么遗憾，感叹句

return[rɪˈtɜːn]

• 22. 退回，返回。return the books. return home.
• 14. 返回，回来。Sir, may I see your return ticket?

19.2 语法

19.2.1 情态动词may

• 表情态，可能（还没做决定），可以（凑合能行，退而求其次）
• 表推测，“可能是”
• 表请求（疑问句），只用用于第一人称，I
• 表允许（回答），可以用于任意的人称

第一种，表情态

• I might as well have them. 那我要不妨买下它吧。（凑合，退而求其次的意思）
• I might have them as well. 其中，as well也可以放后面
• Do you think he’ll pass the exam? He’ll never pass. He might as well give up.
• I haven’t decided which senior high school to choose. I may go to Moonlight School.

第二种，表推测：

• may do/ may have done.
• ‘The play may begin at any moment,’ I said.
• ‘It may have begun already,’ Susan answered.

第三种，表请求：

• May I come in?

第四种，表允许：

• You may come in and have something to drink

might是may的过去式，同时也可以用在现在时中，表达比may更婉转的方式。

19.2.2 情态动词can

• 表情态，“能，能够”
• 表推测，多用于否定形式，can’t，“不可能是”
• 表请求（疑问句），可以用于任意的人称
• 表允许（回答），可以用于任意的人称

第一种，表情态

• Trust yourself! you can do it.

第二种，表推测

• He is abroad. It can’t be him.

第三种，表请求

• Can I help you?
• What can I do for you?

第四种，表允许

• You can help me to find my size.

could是can的过去式，同时也可以用在现在时中，表达比can更婉转的方式。

19.2.3 情态动词的习题

选must，表情态，“能够”

选may，表情态，可能（还没做决定）

选couldn’t，表情态，不能够

We might listen to the music as well. 表情态，可以（凑合）

19.2.4 情态动词的等价说法

第一个：

• Will you let me use your phone, please?
• Can/Could/May/Might I use your phone, please?

第二个：

• Perhaps he will come tomorrow.
• He may/might come tomorrow. 暗含了将来时

第三个：

• Perhaps he telephoned last night, but I’m not sure.
• He may/might telephoned last night, but I’m not sure.

19.3 课文

19.3.1 重点句型

• ‘The play may begin at any moment,’ I said. 表推测，may
• ‘It may have begun already,’ Susan answered. 表推测，may
• ‘May I have two tickets please?’ I asked. 表请求，may
• ‘I’m sorry, We’ve sold out’ the girl said.
• ‘Can I return these two tickets?’ he asked. 表请求，can
• ‘Certainly,’ the girl said.
• I went back to the ticket office at once.
• ‘Could I have those two tickets please?’ I asked. 表请求，can
• ‘Certainly,’ the girl said, ‘but they’re for next Wednesday’s performance. Do you still want them?’
• ‘I might as well have them,’ I said loudly. 表情态，may

要点：

• 就在这时，Just then. 此时，At that moment.

19.4 扩展

19.4.1 performance vs play

• play，戏剧。It was a modern play with just two people on stage.
• performance，演出。Have you got any tickets for this evening’s performance?

19.5 积累

20 Lesson 20

20.1 单词

catch[kætʃ]，v. 抓到

• catch fish，抓鱼
• catch fire，着火
• catch a bus，赶车
• catch a cold，感冒

fiserman[]，n. 钓鱼人，渔民

boot[buːt]，n. 靴子。和裤子一样，一般以复数形式出现。

waste[weɪst]

• 14. 浪费，It’s a waste of time/money/food
• 22. 浪费，Don’t waste your time.
• 14. 废物，垃圾。recyclable，可回收垃圾，other waste，其他垃圾

20.2 语法

20.2.1 动名词

动名词，将动词+ing的方式转换为名词。

来源：

• 过去的英语单词只有4000个，同时英语又是强调词性的语言，因此使用一词多个词性，例如，work既可以是n. 工作，也可以是v. 工作。
• 但是一词多词性的话，容易混淆，模糊了词性的存在。因此，逐渐衍生出在动词后面+ing，转换为名词的方式。例如，fish-fishing，play - playing.

场景：

• 作为主语
• 作为介词的宾语

例如：

• Fishing is my favourite sport. 作主语
• Playing basketball is my favourite sport. 作主语
• I often fish for hours without catching anything. without是介词，catching anything是动名词。

与普通的名词相比，动名词的特点：

• 动名词允许有自己的动作承受者（宾语），更可以有自己的补充修饰的部分（状语）
• 动名词甚至有自己的时态，可以表达现在的动名词（doing），也可以表达过去的动名词（having done）。

例如：

• Fishing is my favourite sport. 普通的动名词用法
• Playing basketball is my favourite sport. 动名词playing有自己的宾语，basketball.
• Playing basketball with my friends every Sunday is my favourite sport. 动名词playing有自己的状语，with my friends，和every Sunday.
• I must apologize you for interrupting you. 时态，现在的interrupt
• I must apologize you for having interrupted you. 时态，过去的interrupt

动名词的否定形式，not + doing.

• I must apologize. I did not let you know earlier.
• I must apologize for not letting you know earlier.
• I must apologize for not having let you know earlier.
• Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time. Lesson 57

20.2.2 动名词的改写句子例子

• without
• He sat there. He did not say anything.
• He sat there without saying anything.
• before
• He turned off the radio. He left the room.
• Before lefting the room，He turned off the radio
• after
• I have spent whole mornings on the river. I always go home with an empty bag.
• After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag.
• for
• I must apologize. I interrupted you.
• I must apologize for interrupting you. 能用，但不太准确
• I must apologize for having interrupted you. 准确，表达了之前的interrupte

改写的要点：

• 前后都是相同的主语
• 使用介词来连接，介词后面用动名词，并根据时态来选择doing，还是having done.

20.3 课文

20.3.1 重点句型

• Some fisherman are unlucky.
• Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish
• After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag.
• I’m not really interested in fishing.
• I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all.

要点：

• un- 前缀表达相反的，否定。例如，unhappy[ʌnˈhæpi]，unpleasant[ʌnˈpleznt]，unimportant[ˌʌnɪmˈpɔːt(ə)nt]，uninteresting[ʌnˈɪntrəstɪŋ]
• instead of是介词短语，后面接名词
• After不仅可以是时间状语的连词，也可以是介词after+ sth. 例如，I will come back here after ten o’clock
• be interested in. 形容词短语，后面接宾语
• give up，短语动词，后面接宾语
• 他们往往连鱼钓不到，却钓上来些旧靴子和垃圾。

20.4 扩展

20.4.1 instead

两种用法：

• adv. 次优选择，另外一个选择
• instead of + n./pron. 表达没有的意思

第一种：

• Don’t marry her. Marry me instead.
• 不要和她结婚，和我结婚吧
• Shall we watch a movie instead?
• 咱能不能改看电影？
• Shall we use white instead?
• 可以改用白色吗？
• But my wife didn’t congratulate me . Instead she asked me, “Where did you get this fish?It’s not very fresh.”

第二种：

• Oops! I put in sugar instead of salt.
• 啊！我错把糖当盐放了。（没有放盐）
• I gave him advice instead of money.
• 我给了他忠告，而不是钱。（没有钱）
• I took your bag instead of mine.
• 我错拿了你的手提包。（没有我的）

20.4.2 at all

第一点：

• not … at all，一点也不…
• Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.

第二点

• nothing at all，强调nothing
• I am only interested in doing nothing at all.

20.4.3 even

• I am even less lucky.
• I never catch anything. - not even old boots.

20.4.4 每逢xxx

• 每逢周日
• on Sundays
• I never get up early on Sundays.
• every Sunday
• Playing basketball with my friends every Sunday is my favourite sport.

20.4.5 花费的说法

花费的说法有：

• take[teɪk]，v.
• cost[kɒst]，v.
• spend[spend]，v.
• worth[wɜːθ]，prep.

注意，worth是介词，其他的都是动词。动词的区别比较复杂：

结论1：

• 主语是人，用spend
• 主语是物，用cost或者take。

例如：

• 这件T恤衫花了我300元
• This shirt costs me ¥300.
• 我花300元买了这件T恤衫
• I spend ¥300 on this shirt.

结论2：

• sth. costs (sb.) + 金钱
• sth. takes (sb.) + 时间

例如：

• 这段旅程得用两小时
• This journey takes me two hours.
• 这双鞋30磅
• This pair of shoes costs me 30 pounds.
• The planes took nearly a month to plant the seed. P287 Lesson 62

结论3：

• spend + 金钱/时间 + 名词/地点
• spend + 金钱/时间 + with sb.
• spend + 金钱/时间 + on sth/(in) doing sth，只有这个关于“金钱”的用法，另外两个是关于“时间”的

例如：

• Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?

• spend + time + 地点（abroad）

• 他在纽约度过了两周的时间

• He spent two weeks in New York.

• 他在北京度过了20年的时光

• He spend twenty years in Beijing.

• 他花了整天在钓鱼

• He spend the day fishing.

• 他和他的女朋友一起度假

• He spent his holiday with his girlfriend. 度假也可以说是spend one’s holiday.

• 她和她男朋友一起度过了周末

• She spent her weekend with her boyfriend.

• 她把所有的钱都花在买化脏品上了。

• She spent all her money on cosmetics[kɒzˈmetɪks].

• 他把所有的钱都用来买书了

• He spent all his money on books.

结论4：

• be + worth.

例如：

• 这套房子现在值300万
• This apartment is worth three million now.
• 你的车值多少钱啊？
• How much is your car worth?
• 就值这个钱
• It’s worth the money.

习题，都很直接

习题，最后一题，有be动词，用的是worth.

过去式与过去分词

• cost - cost - cost
• take - took - taken
• spend - spent - spent

20.5 积累

20.5.1 使得

• surprise/shock sb. 使得某人惊讶
• fail sb. 使得某人不合格
• worry sb. 使得某人担心（烦恼）
• frighten sb. 使得某人惊恐，He would never frighten anyone or cause them any harm.

20.5.2 时间状语的连词或者介词

• After，连词和介词

• After he had finished work, he went home. 连词

• After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. 介词

• Before，连词和介词

• Before he left office, he had finished his work. 连词

• Before lefting the room，He turned off the radio. 介词

• When，连词

• 正确，When he had finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water.

• While，连词

• While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.

• Until，连词和介词

• The young man did not wake up until the bed had struck the ground. Lesson 49，连词

• We cannot have the meeting tonight. We shall have to put it off until tomorrow. 介词

• As，连词

• Just as I was opening the front door, the telephone rang.

• As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.

• As soon as，连词，相当于时间更加紧密的after，相当于just after

• As soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel.

• no sooner … than，连词，相当于as soon as…，特别之处在于位置，不在句首，在助动词后面，常用于过去完成时+一般过去时

• He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.

• since，连词，介词和副词，自从

• He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners. 连词

• He has lived in Beijing since 1993. 介词

• Yesterday my husband removed the gate and Rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since. Lesson 59，副词用法

• By，连词和介词

• By the time，连词

• By the time you read this, the Hubble’s eage eye will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures. Lesson 61

• By，介词

• He will have arrived by this time tomorrow.

• Every time，连词，每次

• Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. Lesson 59，注意，主句用的是he would bark，这是规律吗？看59.2.3

• The moment，连词，一…就…，相当于as soon as

• The moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise.

• The next time，下一次

• The next time you visit me, I’ll take you for a drive.

• On，介词，相当于As soon as，但是词性不同

• On seeing the plane coming towards me, I dashed for cover.

• During，介词

• Neither of the twins liked sleeping during the daytime.

• During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car:“sir, we welcome you to our city.”

• During that time, she covered a distance of eight miles.

• over，表示“在…期间/之中”，介词

• The plane wasn’t too badly damaged, but over the years, the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undistrubed. Lesson 66

• He worked very hard over the last two years.

• towards，介词

• towards evening，时间状语

• He hitchhiked to Dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep. Lesson 73

21 Lesson 21

21.1 单词

mad[mæd]，adj. 发疯（疯狂的，气愤的，狂热的）

• drive sb. mad. 使得…疯狂，注意，需要搭配drive，而不是用mad sb.
• be mad，是发疯的（状态），Everybody says I must be mad.
• go/get mad，变得发疯的（状态）

reason[ˈriːz(ə)n]，n. 原因

• for some reason，接的是可数单数名词reason，翻译为因为某种原因
• for some reasons，接的是可数复数名词reasons，翻译为因为一些原因
• for no reason，没有来由

sum[sʌm]，n. 量。

• a large sum of，通常修饰不可数名词，a large sum of money. FIXME

determined[dɪˈtɜːmɪnd]，adj. 坚定的，下决心的

• be determined to do sth. 例如，I’m determined to do stay here.

21.2 语法

21.2.1 情态动词做推测的被动语态

情态动词做推测的被动语态

• must be done
• must have been done

注意，普通的被动语态有进行时态，但是情态动词的被动语态没有进行时态

例如：

• Planes are heard.
• Planes can be heard.
• Planes may be heard.
• Planes must be heard.
• My cell phone must have been stolen.
• His keys must have been lost.
• Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.

造句：

• 这封信必须马上寄出
• The letter must be sent immediately.
• 天气不能被人们所控制
• The weather cannot be controlled by people.

21.2.2 情态动词和被动语态的时态小结

被动语态的时态

• 一般现在时，is done
• 现在进行时，is being done
• 现在完成时，have been done
• 一般过去时，was done
• 过去进行时，was being done
• 过去完成时，had been done
• 一般将来时，will be done
• 将来进行时，will be being done
• 将来完成时，will have been done
• 过去将来时，would have been done

情态动词的时态

• 一般现在，must do
• 现在进行，must be doing
• 一般现在的被动，must be done.
• 一般过去，must have done
• 过去进行，must have been doing
• 一般过去的被动，must have been done

情态动词的时态，不存在被动语态的进行时态。

21.2.3 doing与done作定语

doing形式做定语，要点有：

• 表主动语态，或者，进行时态
• doing形式的定语，和动名词一样，可以接上自己的宾语
• 单个doing做定语的时候前置，多个doing组合做定语的时候后置。

例如：

• passing planes，在飞行的飞机
• a waiting car，一辆在等待的汽车
• boiling water，在沸腾的水
• a sleeping baby，在睡着的婴儿
• a developing country，在发展的国家，发展中国家
• a woman wearing a white coat，穿着白色外衣的女孩

done形式做定语，要点有：

• 表被动语态，或者，完成时态
• done形式的定语，可以接上自己的by xxx，或者直接宾语，call sb. sth. = sb. be called sth. 或者，offer sb. sth. = sb. be offered sth.
• 单个doing做定语的时候前置，多个doing组合做定语的时候后置。特例，left和given，单个词但是做后置定语

例如：

• used car，被使用过的汽车
• a deserted car park，被遗弃的停车场
• a ploughed field，被耕种过的土地
• a developed country，发展完成了的国家，发达国家
• wasted time，被浪费的时间
• a car called Blue Bird，被称为蓝鸟的汽车
• the few people left，留下来的少数人

21.3 课文

21.3.1 重点句型

• Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.
• I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.
• The airport was built years ago, but for some reason it could not be used then.
• Last year, however, it came into use.
• Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.
• Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane.
• I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here.

要点：

• knock down sth. 拆除，撞倒
• come into use/stop. come into是动词短语，进入，use/stop在这里的词性是名词。

21.4 扩展

21.4.1 some与any

三个点：

• some+ 复数或不可数名词时表“一些”，some用在肯定句中，any用在否定、疑问句中中。
• 但在表达请求，建议的疑问句中用some。 Would you like some milk?
• some + 单数可数名词，“某一,某种”。any + 单数可数名词，“任一” Is there any milk in that bottle? Do you want any milk?

第一点：

• 一些学生，some students/ any students
• 一些水，some water/any water

注意，some/any与这个名词是可数，还是不可数名词，没有任何关系。

例句有：

• Is there any bread in the kitchen?
• There’s a loaf on the table.
• There’s some coffee on the table too.
• There isn’t any chocolate on the table.
• There is a spoon on that dish.
• Is there any soap on the dressing table.

第二点：

例句有：

• Can you lend me some money?
• 你可以借我点钱吗？
• Would you like to drink some tea?
• 你想喝点茶吗？

第三点：

例句有：

• Some day, he can be some one.
• 某一天，他可能成为个人物
• For some reason it could not be used.
• 由于某些原因未能使用
• You can buy it in any supermarket.
• 你可以在任何一个超市买到

21.4.2 短语动词drive

drive的用法，本来意思是驱使。

• drive sth. drive a car.

• He drives his car very badly.

• drive sb. mad. 把某人逼疯

• Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.

• drive away sb. 驱离某人

• The noise drived the workers away from their homes.

• drive into

• The farmer drove the cattle into the field.

• drive back

• Our army drove the enemy back.

• drive out of

• During the war, many people were driven out of their homes.

• The dog drove the sheep out of the field.

21.5 积累

21.5.1 动作形容词做宾补

自学导读，P459

• find

• I find the room dark

• He is finding his new work far more exciting

• I find it beautiful. Lesson 41

• paint

• I’m going to paint it pink

• keep

• We must keep the room warm.

• We must keep the classroom clean and tidy

• make

• It makes me very sad.

• drive

• It drives me mad.

• see

• I saw the front door open, so I went in.

• drive.

• Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.

• get

• leave

• like

• open

• perfer

• pull

• want

• wipe

22 Lesson 22

22.1 单词

dream[driːm]

• 22. 做梦，梦想。I always dream of/about flying like a bird.
• 14. 梦，梦想。不仅指睡着时发梦，也指没睡着时的梦想，可数名词。I have a dream …

dream由于做名词时，可以表达两个意思，所以衍伸了一个英式笑话

• Your future depends on your dreams.
• So go to sleep.

dream可以同时做名词，和动词，也称为同源词组。

• I dreamed/have a dream in time gone by.

age[eɪdʒ]，n. 年龄，时代。

channel[ˈtʃæn(ə)l]，n. 海峡

• the Channel
• the English Channel
• the British Channel

以上三个都能指英吉利海峡

throw[θrəʊ]，v. 扔，抛。threw[θruː] - thrown[θrəʊn]

• throw the bottle into the sea.
• throw away

22.2 语法

22.2.1 修饰比较级

比较级可以比较两件事物，但没有显示比较的程度是怎样的。为了修饰比较级，我们只能使用：

• a little (bit)，

• Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.

• much / a lot / far

• It’s far more exciting.

• He is finding his new work far more exciting

• even,

• I am even less lucky.

22.3 课文

22.3.1 重点句型

• My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland.
• Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. 过去进行时来叙述故事背景
• She threw the bottle into the sea.
• She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland.
• Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.

要点：

• dream of/about sth.
• think of sth.
• put … into …
• throw … into …
• paper with xxx on it.
• travel，v. 旅行，运送（行走）
• a piece of paper = a sheet of paper.
• Both girls write to each other = Both girls write to one another.

22.4 扩展

22.4.1 表达年龄

• be动词 + forty-one years old
• be动词 + forty-one year-old
• 名词 + of forty-one
• 名词 + of her own age.

例句：

• He’s only forty-one years old.
• He’s only forty-one year-old.
• He’s a man of forty-one
• He’s a man of her own age. 他是和她同龄的男人
• Dan was a boy of fifteen.

22.4.2 介词with

with能表达人或物在一起

• 人与人，He is with his new girlfriend。他和他的新女朋友在一起。
• 人与物，I am with my new sunglasses。我戴着我的新墨镜。
• 物与物，The house is with a garden。这栋房子带着一个花园。

with还有一种称为“独立主格”的用法

在with后面，我们可以用on it，或者in it，来表达两者是如何在一起的，在上面，还是在里面。当然，站在语法的角度，on it或者in it是一种补充用法，并不是必需的，实际应用中一般都会加上

• 一张有她的名字和地址在上面的纸条

• a piece of paper with her name and address on it.

• 一个有200英镑的钱包

• a wallet with 200 dollars in it.

• 一个载有500人的巴士

• a bus with 500 people on it.

• 箱子把手有一个标签，上面写有我的名字和地址

• There is a label on the handle with my name and address on it.

• 盒子上有个标签，上面标着价格

• There is a label on the box with the price on it.

• T恤衫上有个标签，上面标着尺码

• There is a label on the T-shirt with the size on it.

• 他给我一张纸条，上面写着他的电话号码

• He gave me a piece of paper with his phone number on it.

• 他递给了我一本笔记，里面是他的日记。

• He passed me a note book with his diary in it.

• 他给我一张卡片，上面写着：我爱你

• He gave me a card with “I love you” on it.

• I sat down one of those modren chairs with holes in it and waited.

注意两点：

• with … on/in it，描述的是label或者paper，而不是更靠近的handle和box
• with … on/in it，多用于描述标签，纸张，笔记，卡片，凳子等的内容

更加扩展的地方是，不一定要用on/in it，也只是用on/in sp. 表示伴随着有xxx在xxx。例如：

• In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees.Lesson 44

22.5 积累

22.5.1 短语形容词

• be capable of， 胜任，相当于be up to

• She’s capable of being very rude.

• be afraid of，害怕

• He’s not afraid of telling you what he thinks.

• be keen on，热衷于

• He’s very keen on fishing.

• be interested in，对…感兴趣

• She’s always been interested in keeping fit.

• be full of，充满

• To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!

• be proud of，对…自豪

• I am proud of you.

• We are proud of him.

22.5.2 短语动词固定搭配on

on，表达在…上面，可以依赖，依靠，祝贺的意思。

• act on，遵守

• I shall certainly act on your advice.

• practise on，练习某事

• Now he practised every day on washing lines in our area.

• base(d) on，在…基础上

• The film was based on a novel by Dickens.

• call on，拜访

• Last Sunday, we called on Mr. Dupont.

• comment on，评论

• I refuse to comment on his work.

• concentrate on，集中

• Please concentrate on what you are doing.

• congratulate sb. on sth.，祝贺，祝贺就是把别人说得高高的，on

• He congratulated me on having got engaged.

• consult[kənˈsʌlt] on/about，商量

• We wish to consult you on a few questions.

• count on，依靠，依赖，抽象意义的。

• I suppose I can count on you for help in this matter.

• decide on，决定

• He finally decided on going home.

• The thing now is for you to decide on a course of action. 现在,你需要决定的事情是行动的方案

• depend on，依靠，依赖，抽象意义的。

• You can depend on me

• economize[ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz] on，节约

• We must economize on fuel.

• embark[ɪmˈbɑːk] on，从事，开始

• We have embarked on a new scheme.

• experiment[ɪkˈsperɪmənt] on，尝试

• They began by experimenting on rats.

• insist on，坚持，强调。注意与persist的区别

• I insist on your telling me the truth.

• I insist on paying for the meal.

• No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. Lesson 68

• lean on/against，倚靠于

• Don’t lean on that shelf! You’ll regret it.

• live on，靠…为生

• He’s never done any work.He lives on his mother.

• You can’t live on fruit only.

• operate on，起作用（做手术）。operate on sth. 在…起作用，operate on sb. 对…做手术

• They can only cure him of his illness if they operate on him.

• perform[pəˈfɔːm] on/in，扮演

• Has this play ever performed on the stage?

• pride[praɪd] (oneself) on，为…感到自豪。pride是使xxx自豪on某事上，proud of是对xxx感到自豪

• She prides herself on her clean house.

• rely on，依靠，依赖，抽象意义的。

• You can never rely on him to be punctual[ˈpʌŋktʃuəl].

• vote[vəʊt] on，对…表决（投…的票）。vote on sth.对某提议表决，vote for sb.对某人表决

• They took a vote on who should go first.

• I was going to vote for him, but I changed my mind and voted for Reagan

• write on/about，写…的事

• Don’t write on the desk!

• What did he write on? He wrote on the cost of living.

22.5.3 短语动词固定搭配in

in，在…里面，鼓励

• believe in，信仰

• I believe in taking my time.

• dismiss in，抛弃

• Jones was dismissed in the firm.

• delight in，喜欢

• He delight in annoying me. 他喜欢惹我生气

• She delights in working hard.

• employ(ed) in，从事

• He was employed in a factory before he joined the army.

• encourage in，鼓励

• You must encourage him in his efforts. 你必须鼓励他努力。

• engage[ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ](d) in，正做（参与）。注意，与embark的区别

• Even in prison, he continued to engage in criminal activities.

• experience(d) in，在…有经验

• Mrs. Turner is experienced in teaching.

• fail in，没有尽到（失败）

• The climber failed in his attempt to reach the summit.

• help in/with，帮助

• I suppose I can count on you for help in/with this matter.

• Jack helped me in driving the sheep home.

• include(d) in，包括

• The waiter’s tip is included in the bill.

• We’ll include that girl in the team.

• indulge[ɪnˈdʌldʒ] in，沉醉

• Yet it would be a mistake to indulge in smoking.

• instruct[ɪnˈstrʌkt] in，教导

• He should be instructed in his duties. 他应该接受责任方面的指导

• interest(ed) in，对…感兴趣

• Are you interested in music?

• involve(d) in，卷入

• Two or three people were involved in the accident.

• invest in，投资于xx

• He invested a lot of money in shipping.

• He was obviously investing in the future.

• persist in，坚持

• He persisted in asking questions.

• share in，分享

• The company is offering you the chance to share in its success

• have trouble (in) sth，在某事遇到问题

• It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. Lesson 56

• spend + 时间/金钱 (in) doing sth./on sth. 花费…在…

• As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in. Lesson 59

• be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事

• You’re not busy doing anything , are you?

22.5.4 短语动词固定搭配from

from，多表达来源，从…，或者免于

• borrow from，从…借

• How much have you borrowed from me already?

• defend from/against，保护…使免于

• demand from/of，向…要求

• differ from，从…区别，有别于

• They differ from each other so much.

• dismiss[dɪsˈmɪs] from，解雇

• draw from，从…拉出来（得出）

• emerge[ɪˈmɜːdʒ] from，从…出现

• Did anything emerge from your discussion?

• escape from，从…逃出

• Many people escaped from prisons during the last five years.

• excuse from/for，允许不…

• hinder[ˈhɪndə(r)] from，阻止…

• prevent from，阻止…使免于

• Nothing will prevent him from succeeding[səkˈsiːdɪŋ].

• I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning. Lesson 68

• prohibit[prəˈhɪbɪt] from，不准许

• Children should be prohibited from smoking.

• protect from/against，保护…使得免于

• This warm coat will protect you from the cold.

• receive from，从…收到，收到来自于…

• He has already received money from three aunts.

• seperate from，从…分开

• I seperated them from each other because there were fighting.

• suffer from，从…受苦受难

• She often suffers from colds.

• withdraw from，提取

• I withdrew a lot of money from the bank yesterday.

• escape from

• We all want to escape from the reality sometimes. 其中，escape from，从…逃出

22.5.5 短语动词固定搭配of

of，多表达组成，也有很多不规则的用法，需要记忆

• accuse of，控告

• I haven’t accused him of anything, but I suspect him of having taken it.

• approve of，赞成

• Do you approve of hunting.

• assure[əˈʃʊə(r); əˈʃɔː(r)] of，让…放心

• I can assure you of my support. 我可以向你保证我的支持。

• beware of，注意，小心

• Beware of the dog.

• We must all beware of people like him.

• boast[bəʊst] of/about，夸耀

• You should not boast of your success.

• complain of/about，抱怨

• Nurses complain of being overworked and underpaid.

• consist of，由…组成

• And what does this horrible drink consist of?

• convince[kənˈvɪns] of/about，使…信服

• You’ll need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job

• cure[kjʊə(r)] of，治愈

• They can only cure him of his illness if they operate on him.

• A hypnotist[ˈhɪpnətɪst] cured him of smoking.

• despair[dɪˈspeə(r)] of，丧失…希望

• I despair of ever teaching him anything!

• dream of/about，幻想，梦到

• I dreamt of you last night.

• He has surely set up a record for the thousands of children who dream of evading school. Lesson 73

• expect of/from，期望

• We expect a great deal of you, Smith.

• Don’t expect too much of your child.

• hear of/from，听到…消息

• Do you mean to say you have never heard of Beethoven?

• be/get rid of，摆脱

• It took me a long time to get rid of him.

• smell of，闻到

• My hands smell of soap.

• suspect of，对…猜疑

• I haven’t accused him of anything, but I suspect him of having taken it.

• speak of，谈起

• He must have spoken of the matter to John.

• think of/about，思考

• Whatever made you think of such a thing.

• be tired of，对…感到厌烦

• I know that you must be tired of this excuse.

• warn of/against，警告…有危险

• I warned him of the danger, but he wouldn’t listen to me.

• be proud of，对…自豪

• I’m proud of being a member of this class.

• remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事

• I needn’t remind you of that terrible tie you bought yesterday

• rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物

• Two thiefs attacked him last night and robbed him of all his money.

• cause of，…的原因

• Do you know cause of the war?

23 Lesson 23

23.1 单词

strange[streɪndʒ]，adj. 奇怪的

• We heard a strange sound.
• The modern building looks strange to some people.
• stranger，n. 陌生人

district[ˈdɪstrɪkt]，n. 地区

• CBD = Central Business District

23.2 语法

23.2.1 There be句型

构成： There be (is或者are，没有am) + 地点

用法：有，中文的“有”，有两个意思：

• 拥有，从属，我拥有一个手袋，英文对应的是have，I have a handbag，This suitcase has a zip.
• 存在，客观存在的。树上有一只小鸟，英文对应的是there be，There is a bird on the tree。

注意，区别不是在于有生命，还是无生命。而是存在，还是拥有。

有时候，当表达从属的时候，两者区别并不是十分明显

• There are 100 classrooms in our school.
• Our school has got 100 classrooms.
• There are some clothes and an English book in the case.
• The case contains some clothes and an English book.

分类：

• There is … + 单数名词
• There are … + 复数名词

翻译，注意翻译的时候There be的名词应该放在后面，而不是前面：

• There is one in my heart
• 我心中有一个人。注意，不是，有一个人在我心中

就近原则，和Here be就近原则是类似的，例如：

• There is a table and four chairs.
• There are four chairs and a table.
• There are some students and a teacher.
• There is a teacher and some students.
• There is a pair of shoes on the floor。虽然shoes是复数，但是加了量词pair以后变为单数，所以用is。

另外，There be 与It be结构区别在于，There be只能跟名词。而且，It be结构可以表达抽象概念，方位，温度，高度，天气，以及做形式主语。

• It is a pity that he could not come.
• There is a bus that leaves in ten minutes.
• I think there will be a thunderstorm.
• It is unusual for him to be late.
• It has been very cold this year.
• There has been no news of him.
• I am sure it will be fine tomorrow.
• After dinner there will be a long discussion on politics.
• When will it be convenient for you to come?

23.2.2 There be的两种常用句型

常用句型

• There be + n. + 介词短语
• There be + n. + doing

两个句型也可以混合使用

例如：

• There is a girl in the classroom.
• There was a book on the table.
• There is still some honesty in this world.
• There is a girl crying in the classroom.
• There were some people rowing on the river.

注意，单个doing单词结构做定语的时候，一般做前置定语，例如，a sleeping baby is in the bed.但是改为There be结构以后，要改为后置定语。There is a baby sleeping in the bed.

23.3 课文

23.3.1 重点句型

• I had a letter from my sister yesterday. 一般过去时
• She lives in Nigeria.
• She said that she would come to England next year. 过去将来时，过去时的宾语从句
• If she comes,she will get a surprise，条件状语从句，主将从现
• We are living now in a beautiful new house in the country. 现在进行时，强调此时此刻
• Work on it had begun before my sister left. 过去完成时，过去的之前。Work是名词
• The house was completed five months ago. 一般过去时的被动语态
• In my letter I told her that she could stay with us. could是宾语从句的相应过去
• The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden.
• It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people.

要点：

• There be结构
• it looks strange to some people. FIXME，to表达的是啥。系动词 + 表语 + to sb.
• Work on it，它（住宅）的建设

23.3.2 surpise

FIXME，不知道如何形容

surpise

• 可数名词，It’s a surprise to me that they can’t sell their flat.
• 不可数名词，She looked at the man in surprise.

23.4 扩展

23.5 积累

24 Lesson 24

24.1 单词

upset[ˌʌpˈset]，adj. 不安

• be upset
• feel upset. I felt very upset.

complain[kəmˈpleɪn]，v. 抱怨

• complain about sth. 抱怨某事 He always complains about the weather.
• complain to sb. 向某人抱怨，He complain to me about the weather.

wicked[ˈwɪkɪd]，adj. 很坏的，邪恶的。比bad更进一步的坏

包含的说法：

• contain[kənˈteɪn]，v. 包含，内装。指实实在在的能装到里面的。The envelope contained $50
• include[ɪnˈkluːd]，v. 包含。指抽象意义的包含。The list included 500 people.

honesty[ˈɒnəsti]，n. 诚实。

honest[ˈɒnɪst]，adj. 诚实的。

• an honest man.

24.2 语法

24.3 课文

24.3.1 重点句型

• I entered the hotel manager’s office and sat down. 一般过去时
• I had just lost $50 and I felt very upset. 过去完成时表过去的之前
• ‘I left the money in my room,’ I said, ‘and it’s not there now.’
• The manager was sympathetic,but he could do nothing.
• ‘Everyone’s losing money these days,’ he said.
• He started to complain about this wicked world, but was interrupted by a knock at the door.被动语态，was interrupted
• ’I found this outside this gentleman’s room,’she said.
• ‘Well,’ I said to the manager,‘there is still some honesty in this world!’

要点：

• start to = begin to
• start to do sth. = start doing sth.
• a knock，knock是名词
• 现在，these days.
• Well，发语词，表示，这个，那个。

24.4 扩展

24.4.1 词组复习

received, on the way, believes, salary

lend, pay attention to, beside, It’s exciting

24.4.2 其他要点

翻译：

• 箱子有多大？

• How big is your case?

• Can you describe your case?

• It’s about three feet long and two feet high.

• 他在哪里长大？

• Where was he born?

• 你昨晚睡得怎么样？

• How did you sleep last night?

• 你刚才跑去哪里了？

• Where did you run just now. 注意，不需要run to

• 有什么在箱子里面？

• What is in it? / What does it cotain?

• It contains clothes.

• 还有其他东西在箱子里面？

• Does it contain anything else?

• Yes, it does. It contains a book.

• How long，询问长度或者时间长短

• How far，询问行走的路程。How far did he travelled? 1,600 miles.

• How much further，询问程度

• How long ago，询问时间

被动语态转疑问句：

• He was interrupted by a girl .
• Who was he interrupted by?

24.5 积累

25 Lesson 25

25.1 单词

railway[ˈreɪlweɪ]，n. 铁路

• railway station，火车站。还可以用，train station.

several[ˈsevrəl]，量词，quantifier. 几个。后面加可数名词的复数。

• several times.
• several people.

foreigner[ˈfɒrənə(r)]，n. 外国人

• foreign[ˈfɒrən]，adj. 外国的，外国人的
• a foreign language.
• TOEFL = Test Of English as a Foreign Language

wonder[ˈwʌndə(r)]，

• 22. 感到奇怪。相当于feel surprise. 例如，He wondered at the beauty of the old town./ They wondered that where was a modern building in that district.
• 22. 想知道，后面接宾语从句，相当于want to know. 例如，I wonder if you could give me that book.
• 14. 奇观奇迹. 例如，It’s the eighth wonder of the world.
• 14. 惊讶。例如，She looked at the boss in wonder.

understand[ˌʌndəˈstænd]

• 6. I repeated my question several times and at last he understood.
• vt. understand sth./sb. Then he spoke slowly, but I could not understand him.

25.2 语法

25.2.1 句子的分类

句子按结构来划分：

• 简单句
• 并列句
• 复合句

英语是讲求结构的语言，不能简单地通过逗号，句号连接多个句子，它是要求使用连词(conj.)来连接多个句子。反过来说，英语里面，逗号和句号都不太重要，重要的是连词.

并列句和复合句的区别在于：

• 并列句，多件事情一样重要
• 复合句，多件事情分主从，它们之间不是一样重要的

25.2.2 并列句

并列句：

• 含义，多件事，一样重要
• 写法，多个简单句，用并列连词连接。

并列连词的分类：

• 顺接
• 转折
• 选择
• 因果

25.2.3 顺接

顺接的并列连词：

• … and …
• both … and …
• not only … but … as well.
• not only … but also …
• not only … but …

其中，not only的用法比较特别，它既可以放在谓语前面，也可以放在宾语前面。

• I spoke English not only very carefully, but very clearly as well.
• I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well.

例句：

• My brother bought her a gift and she accepted it.

25.2.4 转折

转折的并列连词：

• … but …
• … yet …

转折的特点在于，出乎意料，转折的结论更重要

例句：

• Then he spoken slowly, but I could not understand him.

25.2.4 选择

选择的并列连词

• … or …，两者选其中一个
• either … or …，两者选其中一个
• neither … nor …，两者都不选

or不仅可以表达“或者”，还能引申为“否则”。

• Either you hurry up, or you will be late.
• 你快一点，否则你就要迟到了

另外，选择的整体需要有机会看成三单。

• Neither my aunt nor my uncle speaks English.
• 三单，用speak，因为my aunt和my uncle都是三单。
• Neither George nor Dave plays football.
• He neither knows nor cares.

例句：

• He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly.

25.2.5 因果

• … for …，表原因
• … so …，表结果

for是并列词，但是because和since都不是并列词，因为它们带的都是从句，从句既可以放在开头也可以放在末尾。但是，for不同，for是并列句的并列词，必须是夹在两个句子的中间。

例句：

• She locked the door, for she was afraid of thieves.
• I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter.

25.2.6 并列句的省略规则

并列句自身的一个独特规则，复合句是没有这个规则的：

• 相同的可以省略，余下的保持不变。相同的主，主谓，主谓宾，谓宾，主宾，的时候，可以直接省略。
• 甚至相同的并列词的时候也可以省略，常见于and，这个时候可以用逗号来代替and，注意最后一个连词前也需要逗号。
• 相同省略后的句子有些时候看上去是一个简单句，所以我们也会说，并列句的连词不仅可以连接句子，也可以连接词组。

技巧：

• 寻找句子中不同的地方，然后用连词合并起来。

例如：

• 省略主
• I ran to the station. I missed the train.
• I ran to the station but I missed the train.
• I ran to the station but missed the train.
• 省略主谓
• He teaches English. He teaches French.
• He teaches English and French.
• 省略主谓宾
• I spoke English very carefully. I spoke English very clearly.
• I not only spoke English very carefully, but I spoke English very clearly as well.
• I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well.
• 省略谓宾
• He did not speak English. I did not speak English.
• Neither he nor I spoke English.
• 省略连词
• I wash my face. I brush my teeth. I comb my hair every morning.
• I wash my face, and bursh my teeth, and comb my hair every morning.
• I wash my face, brush my teeth, and comb my hair every morning.
• 省略主宾
• I understand English. I speak it too.
• I both understand and speak English.
• 等价于，I both understand English and speak it.

25.3 课文

25.3.1 重点句型

• I arrived in London at last.
• The railway station was big, black and dark.
• I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter.
• I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well.
• The porter, however, could not understand me.
• I repeated my question several times and at last he understood.
• He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly.
• ‘I am a foreigner,’ I said.
• Then he spoke slowly, but I could not understand him.
• My teacher never spoke English like that!
• The porter and I looked at each other and smiled.
• Then he said something and I understood it.
• ‘You’ll soon learn English!’ he said.
• I wonder.
• In England, each person speaks a different language.
• The English understand each other, but I don’t understand them!
• Do they speak English?

要点：

• at last，终于，最后。一般暗指经过一番等待，麻烦或努力之后。
• arrive in，在一个地点里面，arrive at，把地点看成一个点。例如，我们会说work in a shop，而不会说work at a shop，因为work的时候要将shop看成一个地点里面，而不是将shop看成一个点。
• black，颜色黑，dark，光线暗。
• however，是副词，不是连词。

25.4 扩展

25.4.1 习题

but

注意，awfully，写得很差。所以是neither,nor

表达“否则”，or

25.4.2 合并句子练习

• I knocked at the door. He did not open it.

• I knocked at the door, but he did not open it.

• He must be mad. He must be very wise.

• He must be either mad or very wise.

• My sister went shoppint，I went shopping.

• Both my sister and I went shopping.

• We got very tired. We got very hungry.

• We got not only very tired but very hungry as well.

• 重点

• It was three o’clock.

• We could not get lunch.

• We had a cup of coffee.

• It was three o’clock, and we could not get lunch, so we had a cup of coffee.

• 重点

• I wash my face. I brush my teeth. I comb my hair every morning.

• I wash my face, brush my teeth, and comb my hair every morning.

25.5 积累

26 Lesson 26

26.1 单词

critic[ˈkrɪtɪk]，n. 评论家，批评家。

• ciritically[]，adv. 批评地，挑剔地

paint[peɪnt]

• 22. 画（涂油漆，涂抹），化妆。paint pictures/a house
• 14. 涂料，油漆，化妆品。
• painting[ˈpeɪntɪŋ]，n. 油画，水彩画，绘画艺术。

画的说法有：

• draw[drɔː]，画，铅笔画，画笔画
• paint[peɪnt]，刷子画，例如中国画

curtain[ˈkɜːtn]，n. 窗帘，幕布。

pattern[ˈpæt(ə)n]，n. 图案，可数名词。They are just pretty patterns.

appreciate[əˈpriːʃieɪt]，

• 22. 鉴赏，欣赏。appreciate modern pictures.
• 22. 感激，感谢。I really appreciate your help.

notice[ˈnəʊtɪs]，

• 22. 注意到
• 14. 通知

hang[hæŋ]

• 22. 悬挂，吊。过去式和过去分词为hung[hʌŋ] - hung[hʌŋ]。
• sth. hang。The curtains hung in thick folds.
• hang sth。Hang your coat and hat (up) on the rack over there.
• 22. 绞死。过去式和过去分词为hanged[hæŋd] - hanged[hæŋd]。We shall all hang separately. 我们都会逐个被绞死。sb. hang，例如，With so little evidence to prove her guilt, few people thought she should hang.

例句：

• We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.

26.2 语法

26.2.1 宾语从句

• 含义，从句作为宾语成分
• 结构：引导词 + 陈述句

分类：

• that + 肯定句，that在从句中不做任何成分，引导词that可以省略，但最好不要省略。
• if/whether + 一般疑问句（陈述语序），尽可能使用whether，因为if引导词在部分场景是不能使用的
• what/who/whom/which/whose/why/when/where + 特殊疑问句（陈述语序），引导词在从句中承担主语或者宾语成分。

例句：

• I think that you are right.
• Many people pretend that they understand modern art.
• They always tell you what a picture is ‘about’.
• She always tells me whether/if my pictures are good or not.

练习：

• 我承诺我会帮助你
• I promise that I will help you.
• 你从来没告诉过我，你对我的电脑做了什么。
• You never told me what you had done to my computer.
• 他们不知道他们是否会按时完成工作。
• They don’t know whether they will finish the work on time.
• 我想知道什么时候我们将会出发
• I wonder when we will set out.

位置：

• 动宾（单宾），Many people pretend that they understand modern art.
• 动宾（双宾），They always tell you what a picture is ‘about’.
• 介宾，He was astonished at what he found.
• 形宾，这是介宾的特殊形式，省略了介词后的结果。I’m sure that he win the lottery.其中，I’m sure of you. 省略了of，直接加宾语从句，形成了形宾的结构。

时态：

• 结论1，主句一般现在，从句任何时态
• 结论2，主句一般过去，从句相应过去

当主句是过去时的时候，从句的时态变化：

• 原时态，一般现在，新时态，一般过去。
• 原时态，现在完成和一般过去，新时态，过去完成。
• 原时态，一般将来，新时态，过去将来。
• 原时态，现在进行，新时态，过去进行。

26.2.2 宾语从句的否定前移

在宾语从句中，

• 表达观点，think，believe，feel …等动词后面，否定需要前移
• 其他动词后面，否定不需要前移。

例如：

• 我认为你是不对的。
• 我不认为你是对的。

在中文中，否定在前面，和，否定在后面，意思是相同的，两种结构是等价的，可以任意使用。

• I think you are not right. 错误
• I don’t think you are right. 正确

站在语义的角度上，两个句子都是对的。但是，英语是一个讲究精确严谨的语言，它强行指定了第一种结构是错的。在表达观点的动词（think,believe,feel…）的从句里面是不允许出现否定形式，只能使用肯定形式，将否定结构前移到主句中。

• 我知道你是不对的
• 我不知道你是对的

在中文中，两句话意思是不同的，两种结构是不等价的。

• I know you are not right. 正确
• I don’t know you are right. 正确

因此，在英语中，这两个结构都是对的，因为它们的意思不相同，需要两种结构来表达。

26.2.3 宾语从句 + if，例子

例句：

• 他是医生吗？

• Is he a doctor?

• 我想知道他是医生吗？

• I want to know if he is a doctor.

• 他们以前在北京吗？

• Were they in Beijing?

• 我想知道他们以前在北京吗

• I want to know if they were in Beijing.

• 他打算去吗？

• Will he go there?

• 我想知道他打算去吗。

• I want to know if he will go there.

• 你看过这部电影吗？

• Have you watched the moive?

• 我想知道你看过这部电影没

• I want to know if you have watched the movie.

• 你喜欢红色吗？

• Do you like red?

• 我想知道你喜欢红色吗？

• I want to know if you like red. 其中，do直接省略了，而不是还回来。

• 他昨天去上海了吗？

• Did he go to Shanghai yesterday?

• 我想知道他昨天去上海了没？

• I want to if he went to Shanghai yesterday. 其中，did直接省略了，go改为went

26.2.4 宾语从句 + what/who/whom/which/whose/why/when/where，例子

• 他是谁？

• Who is he?

• 我想知道他是谁。

• I want to know who he is.

• 你昨天在哪？

• Where were you yesterday?

• 我想知道你昨天在哪

• I want to know where you were yesterday.

• 他什么时候回来？

• When will he come back?

• 我想知道他什么时候回来。

• I want to know when he will come back.

• 我读过什么书？

• What books have you read?

• 我知道你读过什么书.

• I want to know what books you have read.

• 他喜欢哪辆车?

• Which car does he like?

• 我想知道他喜欢哪辆车？

• I want to know which car he likes.

• 你喜欢什么礼物？

• What present do you like?

• 我想知道你喜欢什么礼物

• I want to know what present you like.

• He wants to know why you are tired.

• I want to know why you are late.

• Tell me why you are late.

26.2.5 名词性从句的分类

名词性从句包含有：

• 宾语从句
• 表语从句
• 主语从句
• 同位语从句

26.2.6 宾语从句的主句谓语

FIXME

• I think that I’ve hurt my back.
• I’m afraid that …
• I’m sorry that …
• The doctor says that …
• I’m sure that …
• I hope that You’ve got some money. / I hope that you are all well.
• I mean that it’s his own decision to go or not.
• I read that seeing is not believing.

注意，动词后面可以加宾语从句，不代表它能直接加宾语名词，例如：

• I’m afraid of you，加宾语名词，需要加上of
• I’m afraid that …，加宾语从句的时候，不需要of
• I’m sorry about you，加宾语名词，需要加上about
• I’m sorry that …，加宾语从句的时候，不需要about
• I’m sure about him，加宾语名词，需要加上about
• I’m sure that …，加宾语从句的时候，不需要about
• I will think the matter. 加宾语名词的时候，可以直接加，也可以用think about，think of
• I think that …，加宾语从句的时候，直接加
• I say good bye to him. 加宾语名词的时候，可以直接加
• I say that …，加宾语从句的时候，直接加

另外，注意的是，think本来就是实义动词，而sure,sorry,afraid是形容词，与系动词搭配成了一个主系表结构，后面再加上宾语从句，这是较为特殊的一类宾语从句，在表语后面作为宾语从句。

26.3 课文

26.3.1 重点句型

• I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures.
• Many people pretend that they understand modern art.
• They always tell you what a picture is ‘about’
• Of course, many pictures are not ‘about’ anything.
• They are just pretty patterns.
• We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. 定语从句
• I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.
• My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not.
• She came into my room yesterday.
• ‘What are you doing?’ she asked.
• ‘I’m hanging this picture on the wall,’ I answered,‘It’s a new one. Do you like it?’
• She looked at it critically for a moment.
• ‘It’s all right,’ she said,‘but isn’t it upside down.’
• I looked at it again. She was right! It was.

要点：

• in the same way. 以同样的方式
• We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. 相当于，We like them just as we like pretty curtain material.
• hang it upside down. 挂倒了。hang it the right way up。 挂正确了

26.4 扩展

26.4.1 英语中引号的用法

• 位于一行之上，句尾其他标点（逗号、句号、问号）之外
• ‘What are you doing?’
• 引语的第一个词以大写字母开头
• ‘What are you doing?’
• said,asked等词置于引语之间时，句子后半部分以小写字母分开
• ‘It’s all right,’ she said, ‘but isn’t it upside down?’
• 在said, asked 等词后面用逗号，只有当它们位于句尾时用句号
• ‘It’s all right,’ she said, ‘but isn’t it upside down?’
• ‘What are you doing?’ she asked.
• 当一个新的人说话时，要另起一段

26.5 积累

26.5.1 宾语从句动宾的动词

• think

• I think that I’ve hurt my back.

• say

• The doctor says that …

• hope

• I hope that You’ve got some money.

• I hope that you are all well.

• Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. Lesson 28

• The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border. Lesson 73

• mean

• I mean that it’s his own decision to go or not.

• read

• I read that seeing is not believing.

• pretend

• Many people pretend that they understand modern art.

• tell sb + 宾语从句

• They always tell you what a picture is ‘about’.

• ask + 宾语从句

• He asked if Mr. Gilbert’s operation had been successful. Lesson 39.

• ask sb. + 宾语从句

• I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. Lesson 28

• Then Dr. Millington asked the caller if he was a relative of the patient. Lesson 39.

• promise，其中promise也是个双宾结构

• I promise that I will help you.

• wonder，想知道

• I wonder when we will set out.

• ‘Hi, Elizabeth,’ Nigel answered. ‘I was just wondering how to spend the morning – until I saw you.’ Lesson 68

• pretend，假装

• It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. Lesson 68

• know

• They don’t know whether they will finish work on time.

• learn，得知，了解，懂得。相当于know

• The whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been lost. Lesson 45

• After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour. Lesson 72

• find

• They found that a stream has formed in the field.

• Imagine their surprise and delight when they broke open the packing cases and found that the fourth engine was sweet as honey – still in perfect condition. Lesson 66

• find out

• When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop assistant was her daughter.

• Since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began. Lesson 55

• deny

• Do you deny that you have told me a lie?

• realize

• The man laughed when he realized what had happened.

• Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time. Lesson 57

• feel，认为，相信

• She is a strong swimmer and many people feel that she is sure to succeed. Lesson 36

• admit，承认

• Sally admitted that she had used your dictionary.

• see，看到

• I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever. Lesson 51

• explain，解释

• He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. Lesson 51

• own，承认

• He owned that he had made a mistake./He owned to stealing the wallet. Lesson 52

• show，显示

• The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. Lesson 55

• believe

• Many villagers beleieve that the tree has already claimed a number of victims.

• point out

• He has pointed out that the tree is a useful source of income, as tourists have been coming from all parts of the country to see it.

• promise，建议，虚拟语气

• The engineers proposed that they should look at the design again.

• recommend，建议，虚拟语气

• The professor recommended we should look for the information in the library.

• suggest，建议，虚拟语气

• The teacher always suggests the students should go over the text before the test.

• demand，要求，虚拟语气+被动语态

• The workers demanded they should be given the wages they should get.

• insist，坚持，虚拟语气

• He still insisted that we should help him.

• notice，察觉到

• He noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him.

• suppose，假设

• Let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you. Lesson 69

• discover，发现

• When he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to Calais. Lesson 73

26.5.2 宾语从句形宾的形容词

• afraid

• I’m afraid that …

• My mother was worried because she was afraid that the furniture might be damaged.

• sorry

• I’m sorry that …

• sure

• I’m sure that …

• Same is sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it was not returned to him. Lesson 45

• They were quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire. Lesson 53

• Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test. Lesson 69

• confident

• In spite of this, many people are confident that ‘The Revealer’ may reveal something of value fairly soon. Lesson 55

27 Lesson 27

27.1 单词

field[fiːld]，n. 田地，田野。领域。in the field of music，音乐的领域。

smell[smel]，v. 闻起来。过去式和过去分词为smelled[smeld]/smelt[smelt] - smelled[smeld]/smelt[smelt]

• 22. 系动词，闻起来。The food smelled good.
• vt. 及物动词，闻某物。She smelled the meat to see if it was fresh.

campfire[ˈkæmpfaɪə(r)]，n. 营火，篝火。

• by the campfire，在篝火旁边。
• go camping，去露营。

creep[kriːp]，爬行。过去式和过去分词为，crept[krept] - crept[krept]

sleeping bag，睡袋。doing表示功能，用途。

• a swimming pool
• a fishing boat
• a packing case
• a waiting room

soundly[ˈsaʊndli]，adv. 状况良好，香甜地

• sleep soundly/deeply/well
• be fast asleep，熟睡的状态

heavily[ˈhevɪli]，adv. 大量地

• rain heavily
• smoke heavily

wind[wɪnd]，v. 蜿蜒，曲折而行。动词发音为[waind]，过去式和过去分词为wound[wuːnd] - wound[wuːnd]。

• vt.用法，wind one’s way. The stream wound its way across the field.
• vt.用法，wind oneself round …，例如， He noticed the remains of a snake which was wound round the electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line. Lesson 53
• vi.用法，A snake wound round the wires. / The car wound through the village.

27.2 语法

27.3 课文

27.3.1 重点句型

第一个：

• Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field.
• Late/Eary in the moring/afternoon，早上/中午的早些/晚些时候
• We’ll meet him at the harbour early in the morning.
• put up = set up，搭建
• in the middle of …，可以跟地点和时间
• in the centre of …，只能跟地点

第二个：

• As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire.
• cook … over … ，火煮东西，非紧贴的上方。

第三个：

• After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire.
• by，表达…旁边
• I like sitting by the Wayle on fine afternoons.

第四个：

• But some time later it began to rain.
• some time，一段时间
• sometime，某个时间

第五个：

• In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting.
• wake up用法有点特别，wake既可以是vi，也可以是vt.
• sb. wake up. 某人醒了。
• sb. wake sb. up，叫醒某人。Mother woke the children up.

第六个：

• It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field.
• 已经形成了一条小溪，a stream had formed. 注意，语序刚好和中文反过来了，form是没有被动语态的。

第七个：

• The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent.
• 小溪蜿蜒着，The stream wound its way，然后穿过田野，across the field.
• 小溪流过去，The stream flowed，正好在他们的帐篷下方，right under their tent，right是副词，修饰flow.

27.4 扩展

27.4.1 介词by

介词by用法有：

• 乘坐（交通工具等），用，靠，通过，by bike/car/bus/train …/ They can read by touch./ He learned English by himself.
• 被，由（被动语态中的主语），Thirty divided by three is ten. / This picture book is written by Anthny Brown.
• +地点，靠近，After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire.
• +时间，截止于，I will be back by 7:30./ You had better pay the money by the end of the month.
• +数字，距离，相差，The plane was then able to rise and it cleared the moutains by 400 feet. Lesson 43/ I missed the train by ten minutes./He is younger than me by two years.

例如：

• learn something by oneself. 固定搭配，自学
• I will have tea by myself. 独自一人，by oneself.

27.4.2 短语动词put

• put up sth.，搭建，建起。

• Late in the afternoon,the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field.

• When they have put up that new building, it will spoil the view.

• put sb. up，安排住宿

• You needn’t go back to London tonight. We can put you up for the night.

• put up with sb. 忍受

• The teacher sent the boy to the headmaster. He could not put up with him any longer.

• put out，扑灭，相当于extinguish[ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ]

• They put out the fire and crept into their tent.

• At last firemen have put out a big forest fire in California. Lesson 53

• put down，放下，写下来

• Take out your notebooks. Put down all the sentences that are on the blackboard.

• put away，放到一边，收起来

• Close your books and put them away.

• put off，推迟。call off是取消。

• We cannot have the meeting tonight. We shall have to put it off until tomorrow.

• John was ill on his birthday so his mother just put off his party for a week instead of cancelling it completely.

• put sb. off，让…下车（或飞机，船等）

• They put me off at a small station.

• I forgot to put you off.

• put on，穿上，戴上

• I put on my coat and left the house.