《新概念英语3》笔记双语阅读

2023-05-25 fishedee 英语

0 概述

新概念三的内容是高级语法内容，和词法（不同单词的具体使用），探讨语言表达的地道和优雅，教材内容主要参考新东方的内容，李延隆

0.1 官方方法

官方追求学习英语的目的是为了，运用英语。而运用英语的目标在于，听，说，写，读。

因此他采用的方法是：

  • 带着问题听和读课文，听和读课文之前先了解课文的问题
  • 交互式运用英语的口语和听力，使用教师提问题，和学生提问题（引导式）的方式，来在课堂中运用英语的口语。
  • 重点句型和语法通过仿写来运用英语的阅读和写作，根据课文问题引导式写作出课文的摘要写作，并尽量使用课文的重点句型。最后，尝试复述故事。

0.2 新东方方法

李延隆的方法：

  • 海量的例子和知识点扩展，每节课都有大量的扩展和相关的例子，每个知识点都遍及整本书的所有课文，从而让不同课文中建立更多的链接
  • 不断重复，同一个知识点在不同课文会不断重复，以加深记忆，做到温故而知新。
  • 在语法的基础上，探讨地道和优美的句子是怎么做到的，例如是押韵，无灵主语，借代等修辞手法。
  • 对关键句子进行仿写，看中文复述英文课文，以加深对句型的理解。

0.3 我的方法

和新概念二基本上是一样的

0.3.1 教材

  • 先看课文生词，或者生词的讲解
  • 来来回回盲听课文，尽量将每个单词都听清楚，听不清楚的地方做好记号，然后对照课文，将听力上的混淆点圈起来
  • 看新东方的讲解，并做笔记，并前人已整理的笔记的基础上进行添加操作。笔记的重点是为了整理思路，而不是为了做得工整和好看。
  • 对照译文口头翻译英文，并熟读课文
  • 听听力跟读课文，注意听力中停顿，重读，连读，弱读的地方
  • 对照译文写课文
  • 做习题，结束，习题是最省时间的一步

1 A puma at large

1.1 单词和词组

1.1.1 spot

spot[spɒt], v.看出, 发现   = see, pick out, recognize, catch sight of 强调结果, 辨别出, 看见, 识别, 发现 * A tall man is easy to spot in the crowd. * He has good eye for spotting mistakes. * (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out[ˈlʊk aʊt].其中，look-out是瞭望员 * (NCE3-11 P54-L14) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.

同义词： – find：强调发现的结果 / find out：查出事实真相 – discover：做出重大发现 / notice：注意到 – observe：观察 / watch：观察活动中的人或画面

spot[spɒt], n. 斑点，

  • a big red spot，大红斑
  • a spot on one’s reputation，名声上的污点
  • A leopard won’t change its spots. 江山易改，本性难移

spot of sth. 一点sth..

  • (NCE3-58) a spot of bother. 一点麻烦事 You seem to be having a spot of bother with your car, can I help?

a scenic spot, 景点

  • A great many of scenic spots are being spoilt by the ill-behaved tourists.
  • The Middle East is a hot spot. 热点地区，经常出纠纷

on the spot，在现场

  • Ten minutes after calling 911, a police car arrived on the spot.

1.1.2 evidence

evidence [’evɪdəns] n. 证据，不可数名词

Declaration of Independence，独立宣言

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endow[ɪnˈdaʊ]ed by the Creator with certain unalienable[ʌnˈeɪliənəbl] rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit[pəˈsjuːt] of happiness. – Thomas Jefferson

  • endow，v. 天生赋予
  • unalienable, adj. 不可剥夺的
  • life, n. 生命权
  • liberty，n. 自由权
  • pursuit，n. 追求

注意，among these are life的these是指rights.

1.1.3 court

court[kɔːt], n. 法庭

  • go to court，打官司，不能翻译为去法院，相当于go to school/hospital.
  • settle sth. out of court，私了（不打官司，私下解决）

1.1.4 accumulate

accumulate[əˈkjuːmjəleɪt], v. 积累，积聚

  • accumulate knowledge / possessions，积累知识/财富
  • I accumulated a large vocabulary.

同义词:

  • amass[əˈmæs], amass a fortune
  • (NCE3-59 P264-L1) People tend to amass possessions.
  • pile up
  • (NCE3-33 P154-L19) Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind.

收集的说法：

1.1.5 oblige

[oblige] vt. 使……感到必须。使动用法，用被动语义的时候，表示自己感到必须。

  • be/feel obliged to do，自己感到责任，义务，道义
  • Many parents feel obliged to pay for at least part of the wedding.
  • be/feel compel[kəmˈpel]led to do, 迫于外界的压力。com-是一起的前缀
  • President Nixon felt compelled to resign[rɪˈzaɪn]. 其中，resign，辞职
  • be/feel impel[]led to do, 内心动力，良心。im-是内心的前缀
  • He felt impelled to point out that they were making a dangerous mistake

例句:

  • oblige sb. to do sth.
  • The police obliged the onlookers to leave.
  • be/feel obliged to do sth.
  • He feel obliged to let her in.

1.1.6 human being

例子：

  • a crime against humanity，反人类（人性，人道）的犯罪

being，其实表达的是，存在，活着。而不仅仅是助动词be.

  • alien being，外星人
  • intelligent being，智慧生物
  • To be, or not to be: that is the question.— Hamlet，活着，还是不活着
  • I think therefore I am. — René Descartes, 我思故我在（存在）

1.1.7 somehow

somehow[ˈsʌmhaʊ] adv. 不知怎么搞地，不知什么原因

  • (The Bucket List) And I couldn’t remember what it felt like when I could not walk down the street without holding her hand.
  • I mean she was the same woman I fell in love with, she hadn’t changed. But somehow everything’s different. We’ve lost something along the way.

somewhat[ˈsʌmwɒt] adv, 有点，有些

  • He was somewhat hungry.
  • He was somewhat embarrassed.

somewhere[ˈsʌmweə(r)], adv. 某地，某个地方

  • somewhere around here. 固定搭配，附近的某个地方
  • I’ve lost my wallet somewhere around here.

1.1.8 disturb

disturb[dɪˈstɜːb] v. 打扰，令人不安。其中st浊化为sd.

  • Do not disturb.
  • I hope I’m not disturbing you.

Sorry to disturb you, but …，很抱歉打扰你，但是…，一般用于不太着急的场景

  • Sorry to disturb you, but I really need your help.

1.1.9 at large

at large，adj. 在逃的，未被控制的，未被捕的

  • a prisoner/suspect at large，在逃囚犯/嫌疑犯
  • The disease is still at large. 这里的at large作表语，而不是后置定语，意思是，疾病依然四处肆虐

1.1.10 n. + like

n + like，像xxx的…

  • bear-like animals，像熊的动物

  • lady-like behavior，淑女般的举止

  • child-like simplicity，孩子般的纯真

  • an angel-like girl，天使般的女孩

  • crystal-like eyes，水晶般的眼睛

  • flu-like symptoms，流感般的症状，注意，symptoms是复数

  • (CET-4) Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. 其中，get on well，融洽相处

1.1.11 be found in

be found in …，使用现在时的时候表示“产于，存在于”，使用过去时的时候表示“发现”。

  • Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests.
  • Vitamin[ˈvɪtəmɪn] C is found in citrus[ˈsɪtrəs] fruit. 其中，citrus是柑橘，Vitamin是维生素
  • 造句: 大熊猫 (giant panda) 是一种大型的，类似于熊的动物，产于中国四川省。
  • Giant pandas are large, bear-like animals which are found in Sichuan province, China.

“发现”是一次性的，所以用过去时。但是“产于，存在于”是一种常态，常使用一般现在时，而不是过去时。

1.1.12 in/on/to the south of …

in / on / to the south of …

  • Shanghai is in the south of China. China里面的南面，in
  • Vietnam is on the south of China. China相邻的南面，on
  • Indonesia is to the south of China. China外部的南面，to
  • 100 kilometers (to the) south of Xi’an. 要表达具体距离的时候，用 数量 + south of ，其中可省略to the。

1.1.13 take sth. seriously/lightly.

  • take sth. seriously. 严肃看待，重视
  • take sth. lightly. 没有受到重视

1.1.14 be extraordinarily similar.

以上说法均表达“特别相似”

  • well, I saw the ad on the back of the bus stop today. And, uh… though it was not exactly like looking in the mirror, you can’t deny that there is a certain commonality in our visages[].其中，visages是一种书面表达，表示“尊容”
  • I guess we do look a little bit alike.

1.1.15 hunt for

hunt，n./v. 狩猎，既可以是动词，也可以是名词，后面都是搭配介词for

  • I’m hunting for a job now.
  • The hunt for a job will begin tomorrow.

其他常见的介词搭配：

  • the winter in America
  • the entrance to the parking lot
  • a witness to the accident
  • a longing[ˈlɒŋɪŋ] for love，其中，longing，是渴望。情感类的多搭配介词for
  • the reason for/behind the disaster

1.1.16 prove + adj.

prove (to be) + adj. / n. 被证明是……，其中，prove是系动词，to be可以省略

  • His injury proved (to be) fatal.
  • The operation proved (to be) a success.

turn out to be + adj. / n. 原来是……

1.1.17 a trial of

a trail of，一连串…

  • 无论他走去哪里，他总是赖账和不买单。
  • Wherever he went, he left a trail of unpaid bills behind him.
  • 无论他走去哪里，他总是一个花花公子。
  • Wherever he went, he left a trail of broken hearts behind him.

1.1.18 in the possession of sb.

表示拥有

  • in the possession of sb. / in one’s possession，物作主语
  • in possession of sth. 人作主语

例句：

  • The book is in my possession. = The book is in the possession of mine.
  • I’m in possession of the book.

类似的还有，归某人所管理

  • in the charge of sb. / in one’s charge，物作主语
  • in charge of sth. 人作主语

例句：

  • The bookstore is in my charge. = The bookstore is in the charge of mine.
  • I’m in charge of the bookstore.

1.1.19 manage to do

  • manage to do, 设法完成了某事，强调结果，肯定是成功了
  • try to do sth. 设法去做，强调过程，结果可能是成功，也可能是不成功
  • fail to do, 反义词，没法做某事，肯定是失败了。

例句：

  • (NCE3-2 P18-L1) Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
  • (NCE3-5 P30-L12) When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctant[rɪˈlʌktənt]ly published the article as it had originally been written. 其中，reluctantly，不情愿地

1.1.20 except

except[ɪkˈsept]，prep. 除…之外。

  • 除了Sam，大家都来了。（Sam没来）
  • Everybody is here except Sam.
  • pumas never attack a human being except when they are cornered.课文P17
  • 除了Sam，还有很多人戴眼镜
  • Besides Sam there are many who wear glasses.（Sam戴了）

1.1.21 cling

cling[klɪŋ]，自学导读P6

1.2 语法和修辞

1.2.1 无灵主语/物称主语

He came into the classroom. 常见以人为主体的描述。但是，当我们以物为主体进行描述的时候，就会变得生动和有趣。例如：

  • When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.其中，come into London，到达伦敦
  • (NCE3-29 P138-L9) However, a new type of humor, which stem[stem]s largely from the US, has recently come into fashion. 其中，stem是起源于，come into fasion，变得流行
  • (NCE3-34 P158-L15) The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it. 其中，it是指上下文的大箱子，come in是到达，can’t/couldn’t be bothered to do sth. 不能麻烦地做某事 = 懒得做某事

这种用法称为，无灵主语 / 物称主语 (inanimate subject)，中文也有该修辞手法

  • 满堂花醉三千客，一剑光寒十四州。
  • 唐 贯休和尚 《献钱尚父》 颠狂柳絮随风舞，轻薄桃花逐水流。
  • 唐 杜甫 《绝句漫兴(其五)》 一条雪浪吼巫峡，千里火云烧益州。
  • 唐 李商隐 《送崔珏往西川》 I thought of a good idea.

例子：

  • 我想到一个好点子
  • I thought of a good idea.
  • A good idea came into my mind.
  • A good idea flash[flæʃ]ed into my mind. 其中，flash是突然闪现
  • 他去镇里办事
  • He went to the town on business.
  • Business took him to the town.
  • 在一个阳光明媚的日期，我们全家人去海滨远足
  • My whole family …
  • A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach. 其中，sth find sb. doing sth.结构
  • 他突然想起她曾经这样对他说过。
  • A thought came to him that she once told him so. 自学导读P2

1.2.2 同位语与定语从句的区别

同位语从句和定语从句的区别

从定义上看：

  • 同位语从句解释前面名词的具体内容
  • 定语从句仅起到后置定语的作用

从形式上看

  • 同位语从句中的“that”仅起到连接符号的作用，不充当语法成分
  • 定语从句中的“that”是关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。

例句：

  • The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable. 同位语从句
  • The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable.定语从句
  • We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. —Thomas Jefferson 同位语从句

1.2.3 同位语从句

含义：从句作为同位语

位置：所解释的抽象名词后，解释的必须是抽象名词，例如，fact,news,theory,idea,suggestion,report, …

用法：和宾语从句相同，区别在于，that关系词不能省略。而且，90%以上的场景只使用that作为关系词，因为作为解释抽象名词的时候，我们很少还会引入一般疑问和特殊疑问的方式来解释。

例句：

  • 我毫不犹豫他将会帮我的忙

  • I have no doubt that he will help me.

  • I have no doubt that he will do me a favour

  • 我们支持这种观点，校车问题必须被严肃对待

  • We support the argument that the problems of school buses must be taken seriously.

  • 观点，可以用idea，或者argument。

  • 对待，注意用be taken.

  • 我们讨论了是否这个会议应该举行的这个问题

  • We discuss the question whether the meeting should be held.

  • should be held，应该举行

  • 一个新的地铁站将会建在这里，这个计划受欢迎

  • A plan that a new subway station will be built here is welcomed.

  • subway，地铁，railway，火车

同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于：

  • 同位语从句属于名词性从句的大类，使用关系词是that/whether/if/what/why/who，定语从句属于自身的大类，使用关系词是that/who/which/when/where。
  • 同位语从句属于名词性从句，that在从句中不做成分，例如，We have no idea that the boss has been back. 定语从句的that在从句中做成分，例如，It is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.

1.2.4 非谓语动词作定语

give descriptions，作出描述

  • descriptions (which were) given by people …

make descriptions

  • 等价于，descriptions made by people

非谓语动词doing,done形式作定语时，done表被动，doing表主动。

  • (NCE3-1 P14-L7) The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw a large cat only five yards away from her.其中，woman与picking是主动关系，故用doing形式
  • (NCE3-7 P38-L10) John had a very good day and put his wallet containing ₤3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping. 其中，wallet与containing是主动关系，故用doing形式
  • (NCE3-8 P42-L4) For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass. 其中，travellers与crossing是主动关系，故用doing形式
  • novels written by Lu Xun. 其中，novels与written是被动关系，故用done形式。
  • movies directed by Zhang Yimou. 其中，movies与directed是被动关系，故用done形式。

造句，那个靠墙的名叫Geroge是男人是我哥。

  • The man leaning against the wall named George is my brother.其中，man与leaning是主动关系，故用doing形式。man与named是被动关系，故用done形式。

1.2.5 to have done，非谓语

扩展自第二册的69.2.1和82.2.1

to have done相比to do，更强调在谓语动词之前的时间

  • Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.
  • claim to have done sth. 声称做了某事（已经做了）
  • Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to see monsters in the sea.
  • claim to do sth. 声称去做某事（即将去做，还没做）

其他例子：

  • It is my pleasure to have helped you. 已经帮你
  • It is my pleasure to help you. 即将去帮你
  • Everyone went to the funeral, for the ‘ghost’ was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. 其中，be none other than，不是其他人，正正就是sb. be supposed to have died，被（当前）猜想（已经）死去的人。
  • So far, no organization has claimed to be responsible for the accident.

1.2.6 疑问词 + ever

疑问词 + ever，例如是whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whatever … 有两个含义：

  • 表示“无论……”引导让步状语从句。= no matter + 疑问词
  • 表示 “到底……” 用于疑问句中，加强语气

第一个的例句：

  • No matter where it went = Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
  • (NCE3-29 P138-L8) No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin’s early films. 其中，FIXME，say是什么用法
  • People ran away to escape the tiger wherever it was seen. 练习册P2

第二个的例句：

  • (NCE3-2 P18-L10) ‘Whatever are you doing up here Bill?’ asked the vicar in surprise.
  • Wherever did you go yesterday?
  • When ever am I going to see you again?

题目：

When will you ever learn?

    1. These things take time to learn.
    1. Will you study any more?
  • √(C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
    1. It will be a good learning experience for you.

注意，learn是学会，明白的意思，强调结果。study是学习，强调过程。When will you ever learn? = 你到底什么时候能学会？所以，选C。

1.2.7 借代

借代是一种修辞手法，使用事物的特征来指代拥有这个特征的事物，达到生动的目的。

因此：

  • fur and feather，飞禽走兽。因为fur是走兽的特征，feather是飞禽的特征，两个特征合起来描述了两个事物。相当于bird and beast[biːst].
  • fin, fur and feather，相当于all kinds of animals. 另外，这个词组也压首韵，都是以[f]发音开头的单词。

例句：

  • The crown[kraʊn] should not yield[jiːld] to the cross[krɒs]. 其中，yield的意思是臣服，屈服。crown是王冠，cross是十字架。
  • 这句话的意思就是，王权不应屈服于神权
  • The pen is mightier than the sword. pen指“文学的力量”, sword, 指”武力”。自学导读P44

中文也有相似的收发。

  • 臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳。“布衣”指代普通老百姓
  • 巾帼不让须眉。“巾帼”指代女性，“须眉”指代男性。
  • 过尽千帆皆不是，斜晖脉脉水悠悠。“千帆”是“一千艘船”，指代“很多人”

1.2.8 主语补足语

补充说明主语的状态。

  • As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country. 其中，missing补充说明puma的状态。
  • The fire was reported controlled. 其中，controlled补充说明fire的状态。相当于It is reported that the fire was controlled.
  • Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. 其中，clinging补充说明fur的状态。

1.2.9 情态动词表推测

  • must have done/must do，一定是，have done结构表示推测过去的事情。较少的情况下，可以使用chould have done，来表示肯定推测过去的事情。例如，The experts were now fully convinced that the animal could only have been a puma. 课文P17
  • You must have been ill yesterday. You looked so pale.
  • She knew that it must be the baker.
  • may / might have done，可能是
  • can not / could not have done. 肯定不是。
  • You can’t have been ill yesterday. I saw you going shopping with your wife.
  • (NCE3-60 P268-L27) The girl asked to see a timetable[ˈtaɪmteɪbl], feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake. 其中，timetable是列车时刻表

1.2.10 情态动词表虚拟语气

  • should / ought to have done，责备别人/自责，该做的没有做
  • should not / ought not to have done，责备别人/自责，不该做的却做了

例句：

  • You should have finished your work yesterday. 责备的语气
  • I shouldn’t have shouted at you yesterday. 自责的语气

习题：

She looks very happy. She ___ have passed the exam.
I guess so. It’s not difficult at all.

(A)should   (B) could
√(C) must   (D) might

选C，因为推测的因果比较明显

* I can’t find my purse anywhere.
* You ___  have lost it while shopping.

√(A) may    (B) can
(C) should  (D) would

选A，因为推测的因果不明显。

I’m sorry. I ___ at you the other day.
Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.

(A) shouldn’t shout
√(B) shouldn’t have shouted
(C) mustn’t shout
(D) mustn’t have shouted

选B，因为自责的语气，并且指过去的事情，用shouldn’t have done.

The policeman declared that the blow on the victim’s head ___ from behind.

(A) should have been made
√(B) must have been made
(C) would have been made
(D) ought to have been made

选A和D显然不对，因为should/ought to have done，都有责备的语气，警察不可能责备凶手应该从后面打受害人。只能选B，表示一种推测。

1.2.11 地点与时间的副词作后置定语

自学导读P4

表地点：

  • another place twenty miles away…
  • the way ahead. 前面的路
  • his trip abroad. 他的出国旅行
  • the sentence below. 下面的句子

表时间：

  • the meeting yesterday. 昨天的会议
  • their stay overnight. 他们整夜的逗留

1.3 课文

1.3.1 第一句

Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.

  • 等价于，Pumas are large, cat-like animals (which are) found in America. 当定语从句的形式为 which/that/who + be + 表语/被动语态的形式，可以省略连接词，改为非谓语的形式

1.3.2 第二句

When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.

  • that是reports的同位语从句
  • came into是无灵主语的修辞
  • had been spotted/seen/found/observed. 同义词
  • they were not taken seriously. = they were taken lightly.

造句：当消息 (news) 传到了国家博物馆 (the national museum)，说是在西安以南100公里处发现了一座古墓 (an ancient tomb) 的时候，这则消息受到了重视。

  • When news came into the national museum that an ancient tomb had been found 100 kilometers south of Xi’an, it was taken seriously.

1.3.3 第三句

However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.

  • evidence, 不可数名词
  • given by people，非谓语动词done，作后置定语，修饰descriptions
  • claim to have done … 声称已经做了某事
  • for，补充，连词，用于逻辑关系不太强的场合

造句: 随着病例 (case) 开始慢慢增多, 医学专家们 (specialist) 觉得必须要调查了,因为得了这种病的人的症状 (symptom) 特别地相似。

  • As the cases began to accumulate, specialists felt obliged to investigate, for the symptoms of people who had caught the disease were extraordinarily similar. 其中，得了这个病，who had caught the disease

1.3.4 第四句

The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw ‘a large cat’ only five yards away from her.

  • the hunt for，hunt搭配介词for。hunt的意思是寻找，不仅是追猎。
  • pick，采集

1.3.5 第五句

The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.

  • prove (to be) + adj. 被证明是…

1.3.6 第六句

Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.

  • behind it，是状语前置。普通的写法是it left a trail of … behind it. 但是，因为宾语a trait of …太长了，所以behind it作为状语先前置，宾语反而后置了，这样更显结构的合理性。
  • a trail of ，一连串…
  • deer/sheep/fish，单复数同型，而不是不可数名词。

1.3.7 第七句

Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.

  • clingling，粘。fur与cling是主动关系，用doing形式。
  • bush，灌木松，用复数
  • 使用被动语态，避免引入无用主语People，也更加简洁，也更加突出核心信息，是Paw prints和puma fur. 在英语中，句首和句末是尽可能放核心信息的，突出重点，避免在这些地方放入无用或废话的信息。

造句，人们对下岗工人的生活状况越来越关注了。

  • People have paid more and more attention to the condition of the laid-off[leɪd ɒf] workers. 普通的以人为主语的描述。其中，laid-off，解雇，下岗。
  • Increasing attention has been paid to the condition of the laid-off workers.以物为主语的描述，更加生动灵活，而且避免了无用实体People的关注。

在英语中，使用Increasing attention来代替more and more attention.，以及使用被动语态更加地道。但是，这两个句子转换为中文的时候，我们都需要翻译为主动形式，因为现代中文中更常用主动形式。转换为被动形式的时候，我们需要考虑什么时候句子的核心信息：

  • People，显然不是
  • condition，显然不是，每个人都有condition.
  • laid-off workers. 显然不是，哪里都有laid-off workers.
  • more and more attention, 这个才是，在朗读的时候，我们也会重读这部分内容，所以我们才将more and more attention放到句首在做被动语态。

1.3.8 第八句

Several people complained of ‘cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.

  • saw the puma up a tree. 是指puma在tree上，而不是businessman在tree上。
  • on a fishing trip, 钓鱼的路上

要点：

  • complain of / about sth.
  • complain (that)，绝大部分的情况下，that引导的从句前面都没有介词
  • She complained that no one had been at the airport to meet her.

在…的路上

  • on a business / honeymoon trip，出差/蜜月的途中
  • on a journey(中长距离) / voyage(航行) / expedition(远征，探险) / tour(环游，周游)

1.3.9 第九句

The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from?

  • fully，彻底地，完全地

要点：

  • convince sb. of sth.，使得某人确信某事
  • be convinced that …，某人被确信某事

绝大部分的情况下，that引导的从句前面都没有介词，例如：

  • be convinced that …
  • complain that …

少数例外的情况是，也可以看成是复合连词：

  • in that … 因为，引导原因状语从句
  • except/but that …除了，要不是，例外情况

1.3.10 第十句

As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.

  • must have been，对过去的推测
  • as，引导原因状语从句
  • missing，是主语补足语，修饰pumas的状态
  • miss from，搭配
  • in the possession of sb. 处于…的拥有下
  • on one’s own. 自己，独自。in private/unknown to the public. 秘密地，非公开的。on one’s own benefit. 为自己的利益。这句话等价于，A private collector is a man who collects for his own benefit.

1.3.11 第十一句

It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.

  • to think that …不定式做主语，it是形式主语

It is … to think that … 一想到某事就令人觉得…，一种固定句型

  • It is worrying to think that … 担忧
  • It is exciting to think that … 兴奋
  • It is comforting to think that… 欣慰
  • It is amusing to think that … 可笑
  • It is irritating[ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ] to think that … 气愤，irritating，令人气愤的

2 Thirteen equals one

2.1 单词和词组

2.1.1 equal

equal[ˈiːkwəl]

  1. 等于，持平，与…相媲美
  • He equaled the world record.
  • Nobody equals him in strength. = Nobody matches him in strength.
  1. 与…相匹敌，和否定结合的时候表示了最高级的含义
  • In English she has no equal in her class.
  • has no equal = be / stand head and shoulders above sb = be much better than others 明显超过他人，鹤立鸡群

听力，In computer programming, Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us.

  • √(A) Susan is much better than we are in this subject.
    1. Susan is the tallest person in the group.
    1. A good haircut would make Susan look better.
    1. Because of an injury, Susan has to be absent from class.

adj. 相同的，相等的

  • Women demand equal pay for equal work. 要求同工同酬
  • A is equal to B

equality[iˈkwɒləti], n. 平等

2.1.2 raise

raise[reɪz]

vt. 提高

  • raise one’s hand，举手
  • raise one’s voice, 提高声音
  • raise one’s hat to sb. 致意（对某人举起帽子）
  • raise one’s glass to sb. 祝酒（对某人举起酒杯）
  • raise the roof. 大发脾气

vt. 养育，养活

  • raise pigs
  • He has a big family to raise.

vt. 募集，筹措

  • We’re raising a fund for orphans.
  • Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another.
  1. 涨工资
  • I heard that you recently changed jobs, and you got a good raise, right? Congratulations!
  • Thanks! I think the new job will be much more satisfying.

rise[raɪz]

  1. 升起
  • The sun also rises.

arise[əˈraɪz], v. (困难，麻烦)出现。过去式和过去分词为，arose[əˈrəʊz]和arisen[]

  • Problems arose.

arouse[əˈraʊz], vt. 激起某种情绪

  • arouse one’s pity / anger …

2.1.3 be always doing sth.

be always doing sth. 老是做某事（不耐烦，厌烦的语气）

  • He is always being late.
  • (NCE4-5 P29-L1) People are always talking about the problems of youth.

听力：W: Mary is always complaining about her job. M: Maybe if you try typing letters every day, you’d see what it’s like. Q: What does the man mean?

  • √(A) The woman would understand if she did Mary’s job.
    1. The woman should do the typing for Mary.
    1. The woman should work as hard as Mary.
    1. The woman isn’t a skillful typist.

注意，What’s like? 什么感觉

同样表达老是做某事的短语还有：

be forever doing sth.

  • (NCE3-41 P192-L8) He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness[ˈkləʊsnəs] to nature and gentle pace of living. 注意，大自然的亲近

be constantly / continually doing sth.

  • The boys are constantly / continually arguing.
  • Your behavior reflects[rɪˈflekts] on me, and I can’t do my job if you’re constantly humiliating[hjuːˈmɪlieɪtɪŋ] me. 注意，reflect on sb. = have a negative effect to sb. 对某人有负面影响。humiliate sb. 羞辱某人
  • Constantly? Aside from today, give me one example. 注意，Aside from = apart from, 除了

keep (on) doing sth.

  • (NCE3-29 P138-L13) From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering[ˈpestə(r)] his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home. 注意，pester，纠缠, pester sb. to do sth. 纠缠着某人去做某事
  • (NCE3-29 P138-L20) In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals. 其中，这里省略了keep on的on，也是可以的。enjoy oneself，过得开心

do sth. all the time

听力：W: I thought the doctor said you should stay off your foot until the swelling[ˈswelɪŋ] goes down. M: She did. It just makes me uncomfortable to ask my friends to wait on me all the time. What does the man mean? 其中，stay off one’s foot. 卧病在床。swelling. 肿痛 swelling goes down. 消肿。wait on sb. 伺候sb./为sb.服务。对比wait for sb. 等候某人。

    1. He is tired of waiting for assistance.
    1. He doesn’t have to ask his friends for help.
    1. His foot hurts too much to walk.
  • √ (D) He doesn’t like to bother people

造句：

  • Sam, mess up the kitchen.(always)
  • Sam is always messing up the kitchen.
  • Bruce, leave his dirty dishes on the table(forever)
  • Bruce is forever leaving his dirty dishes on the table.
  • Peter, try to show me he’s smarter than me.(constantly)
  • Peter is constantly tring to show me he’s smarter than me.
  • Mary, borrow my chothes without asking me.(continually)
  • Mary is continually borrowing my clothes without asking me.
  • Why, you, make the smae mistakes.(keep on doing sth.)
  • Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
  • Jane, forget to give me my phone message (do sth. all the time)
  • Jane forgets to give me my phone messages all the time.

2.1.4 one … or another

one … or another ，各种各样

  • He is always asking me for money for one cause or another. 各种理由
  • Beginners will err[ɜː(r)] at one time or another. 时常（各种时间）, err[ɜː(r)], v. 犯错
  • Everyone can contribute to society in one way or another. 各种方式

one … after another 一个又一个

  • one day after another ，一天又一天
  • encounter[ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)] one difficulty after another，一个又一个的困难, encounter, 遇到
  • achieve one success after another，一个又一个的成功

2.1.5 have sth. done

have sth. done 请某人做某事

  • I’m going to have my hair cut this weekend. 剪头发

衍生意义，have sth. done, 经历某种（不愉快）经历，遭遇，境地。自学导读P28

  • (NCE3-14 P66-L7) … people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangster[ˈɡæŋstə(r)]s. 毕生工作(life work)被歹徒摧毁，gangster, 歹徒
  • King CharlesⅠhad his head cut off. 被杀头、
  • The house had its window broken in the explosion. 窗口被损坏，

2.1.6 used to do sth.

would do sth，除了可以表达“过去将来时”以外，它还能表达“过去常常做某事”，它和used to do sth. 的区别在于：

第一，used to do sth. 表达过去常常做某事，并且现在已经不再做这件事了。would do sth. 表达过去常常做某事，但是现在做没做这件事并不知道。

  • I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.
  • 过去坐巴士，且现在不再这样做，用used to

第二，used to do sth. 表达了过去较长时间内的状态，是一个静态描述。would do sth. 表达了过去较短时间内的动作，是一个动态描述。

  • I used to be a student. I used to have many pen-friends.
  • 是学生，有许多笔友，是一种静态描述的状态，用used to
  • They used to own a car
  • 有辆车是状态

第三，used to do sth. 能用于故事的开头. would do sth，不能用于故事的开头。

  • When I was a boy, I used to spend my holiday in a factory. I would get up at 5:00 and would start working at 6:00
  • spend my holiday是故事开头的概览描述，只能用used to

2.1.7 used to doing sth.

be / become / get used to n./doing, 习惯于做某事

  • I’m used to getting up early.
  • (NCE3-2 P18-L17) ‘We’ll get used to that, Bill,’ said the vicar. * Life is not fair, get used to it. — Bill Gates

be accustomed to (doing) sth.

  • (NCE4-3 P17-L15) For men accustomed to eating seven-course[kɔːs] dinners and sleeping between fine linen[ˈlɪnɪn] sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed. 其中，seven-course dinners. 七道菜。linen, 亚麻, sheet, 床单。accustomed to是done形式是后置定语修饰men.

2.1.8 with + 名词作谓语

with + 名词 作状语修饰谓语动词，最庄严正式

  • (NCE3-11 P54-L13) The officer went through the case with great care. 小心地
  • (NCE3-11 P54-L15) He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounce[paʊns]d on it with delight. 开心地，其中，pounce，扑上去
  • (NCE3-11 P54-L18) Then I added with a smile. 微笑地
  • (NCE3-27 P130-L16) His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease. 轻松地，material possession，物质财富。

造句

  • She faced the difficulty calmly. = She faced the difficulty with calmness. 平静地
  • I looked at her curiously. = I looked at her with curiosity. 好奇地
  • She spoke to me tenderly. = She spoke to me with tenderness.温柔地
  • I greeted Philip enthusiastically. = I greeted Philip with enthusiasm. 热情地

2.1.9 go on

go on v. 发 生,What’s going on here?

  • go on/hapeen/occur/come up/come about, 发生，意料之外
  • take place, 意料之中，计划
  • strike, 事故，惨剧，不幸的事情

例句：

  • The funeral will take place on Monday. 不能用happen. 自学导读P40
  • Most people were fast asleep when the earthquake struck.

coincide[ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd] (with …)， 跟…同时发生

  • When I came, he was just about to leave. = My arrival coincided with his departure. 我来的时候他刚好要走。

2.1.10 一个又一个

一晚又一晚

  • night after night
  • night by night
  • every night
  • one night after another

一天又一天

  • day after day
  • day by day
  • every day
  • one day after another

例句：

  • Oceans apart, day after day, and I slowly go insane.
  • 大海分开我们，一天又一天，我慢慢发疯

2.1.11 好几周/天

  • for weeks 好几周了
  • for hours 好几小时了
  • for months 好几个月了
  • for years 好几年了
  • for centuries 好几百年了

2.1.12 still

still 尽管如此，还是 ……

例句：

  • The girl is not beautiful.
  • Still, I like her very much.
  • Nevertheless / nonetheless / all the same / just the same, I like her very much.
  • Still, I’m glad (that) the bell is working again.

2.1.13 as good as

as good as = almost 几乎……；和……差不多 。本义是与…一样好

  • The injured man is as good as dead. 受伤的人差不多已经死了
  • Everything is as good as settle[ˈset(ə)l]d.每件事差不多解决了,settle，被解决了
  • (NCE3-46 P212-L21) As far as I could see, it needed only a minor[ˈmaɪnə(r)] adjustment: a turn of a screw[skruː] here, a little tightening up there, a drop of oil and it would be as good as new. 其中，minor[ˈmaɪnə(r)], 微小的，screw，螺丝。as good as new, 差不多和新的一样了

2.2 语法和修辞

2.2.1 无灵主语2

扩展1.2.1

  • (NCE3-1 P14-L1) When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
  • (NCE3-32 P150-L8) The sea bed was scour[ˈskaʊə(r)]ed with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest[tʃest] was raised from the bottom. 其中，scour, 搜索, chest， 大木箱子
  • He lost his confidence. 他丧失信心。= Confidence deserted him. 抛弃, desert
  • I couldn’t sleep that night. 那一晚他睡不着。 = That night sleep elude[ɪˈluːd]d me. 其中，elude, 躲避
  • We only travelled half the distance at sunset. 黄昏时候，我们才走了一半的路。= Sunset met us halfway.
  • The past few years witness[ˈwɪtnəs]ed the great influx[ˈɪnflʌks] of foreigners to China, for travelling, studies or business. 其中，witness, 目击，亲眼看见，influx，涌入

2.2.2 before的译法

强调主句的时间比预期的长时,译为“才”

  • It will be a long time before we meet again.

强调主句的时间比预期的短时,译为“就”

  • I hadn’t waited long before he came.

第二册的例句

  • 时间状语从句，three years after …
  • In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R.E. Byrd, successfully flew over the South Pole for the first time. Lesson 43
  • 强调时间之长，a week passed before …
  • Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. Lesson 33
  • Firemen had been fighting the forest for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. Lesson 62
  • 强调时间之短，it was early when …
  • It was still early when I returned home. Lesson 54
  • It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash. Lesson 75
  • It is not long before they are so accustomed to swimming that they can pick up weights from the floor of the pool. Lesson 94

2.2.3 疑问词 + ever

扩展自1.2.6

疑问词+ever”有两个含义

  • 表示 “无论…”, 让步状语从句，(NCE3-1 P14-L11) Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
  • 表示 “到底…”，whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever … Wherever did you go yesterday? / When ever am I going to see you again? 我到底什么时候能再见到你。

表示“到底”的其他说法

on earth

  • What on earth has happened to trouble you so?

in the world

  • What in the world are you doing here at seven in the morning?

in God’s / heaven’s name

  • What in God’s name was that huge bang?
  • Where in heaven’s name have you been?

the hell

  • What the hell was that noise?
  • How the hell are we going to do that?

2.2.4 过去进行时表试探性语气

was / were hoping … 表达一种试探性的，委婉的语气。

  • I was hoping you could marry me.

2.2.5 强调肯定式

强调肯定式 (emphatic positive)，在肯定句和祈使句中，在谓语动词前加上助动词 do 以加强语气。只用于一般现在时 (do, does) 和一般过去时 (did) 中。

例句：

  • I do need a car.
  • He does speak English well.
  • So you did come after all.
  • Come in. Do come in.
  • Shut up! Do shut up!

2.3 课文

2.3.1 第一句

Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.

  • be always doing sth. 老是做某事
  • cause，理由，借口。不能翻译为事情。
  • on sth. or another. 各种各样的sth.
  • (NCE3-22 P110-L3) One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter[ˈfɔːltə(r)].其中，part，台词。falter，支支吾吾，结结巴巴

造句：我的小女儿总是抱怨 (complain of) 各种各样的病，但她从未成功地得到允许(get permission) 呆在家里。

  • My little daughter is always complaining of one illness or another, but she has never managed to get permission to be at home.

2.3.2 第二句

The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since.

  • used to, 过去常常做某事
  • strike + 数字，strike the hours 钟打点报时，(NCE2-9 P44-L3) It would strike twelve in twenty minutes.

ever since: adv. / prep. / conj. 从那以后，一直……(用完成时）

  • 单独放后面，The big clock has been silent ever since.
    • 时间，(NCE3-23 P114-L10) There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snail[sneɪl]s with food. 其中，snail, 蜗牛
    • 从句，You know how she feels about you. It’s been the same way ever since we were kids.

造句：过去日夜辛苦工作的老王两年前下岗 (be laid off) 了，从那以后就变得懒了。

  • Lao Wang who used to work hard day and night was laid off two years ago and has been lazy ever since.

2.3.3 第三句

One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours!

wake (up): vi & vt. 醒了; 唤醒…

  • (NCE2-54 P252-L11) The doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead.

start n. 激灵（由于恐惧或惊讶身体突然的一动），就像汽车刚发动(start)的时候一激灵

  • wake (up) with a start
  • She woke from the dream with a start.

2.3.4 第四句

Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped.

  • Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock , …
  • When he looked at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock . 非谓语 (doing; done; to do) 作状语时，一般情况下其隐含的主语应该与主句主语 保持一致。
  • Looking at his watch, it was one o’clock . ( X )，错误写法，因为it与非谓语的looking不是同一个主语。

2.3.5 第五句

Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.

arm sb. with sth. 以某物武装某人，以被动形式表达。类似的有dress sb. with sth.

  • Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower …

sb. carry sth. 而carry则使用主动形式来表达

  • Carrying a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower ..

2.3.6 第六句

In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer.

figure，人影，模模糊糊的影子，重要人物/数字

  • (NCE3-30 P142-L6) A farm worker, who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight. 人影
  • (NCE3-21 P106-L6) One of the most colorful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764. 重要人物

recognize sb. as sb. 认某人为..

  • I recognized her as one of my classmates.

2.3.7 第七句

Whatever are you doing up here Bill?’ asked the vicar in surprise.

  • Whatever, 表“到底”
  • asked the vicar in surprise. 常见的表述“谁说”的倒装句，注意，代词的时候不能倒装。只有he said, 没有said he.

2.3.8 第八句

‘I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.’

have been doing 现在完成进行时

表示持续性的动作一直到现在，而且还有可能继续下去。

2.3.9 第九句

‘You certainly did give me a surprise!’ said the vicar. ‘You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.’

  • 强调肯定式，did give me
  • as well, 也（省略形式）. = as well as me. 相当于，You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well as me.
  • Still, 放入句首，常用逗号分开，表达“尽管如此，还是”

2.3.10 第十句

‘That’s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill. ’It’s working all right, but I’m afraid that at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there’s nothing I can do about it.”

  • afraid/glad that, 形容词补足语，补充说明形容词

there is nothing I can do about it 对此我无能为力

  • The telephone is out of order, and there is nothing I can do about it.
  • I know you are not satisfied, but there is nothing I can do about it.
  • We apologize for this, but there is nothing we can do about it.

2.3.11 第十一句

‘We’ll get used to that, Bill,’ said the vicar. “Thirteen is not as good as one, but it’s better than nothing. Now let’s go downstairs and have a cup of tea.’

  • as good as = almost，差不多

收集句子：

  • I’ll sign the contract at once. No, on second thoughts I’d like to wait a day or two.
  • The swimmer seemed to be in difficulty, but he managed to reach the shore in the end.
  • I can’t borrow any more money; I’m already in debt.
  • The little boy was in tears.
  • They haven’t many interests which they share. = They haven’t many interests in common.

3 An unknown Goddess

3.1 单词和词组

3.1.1 archaeologist

archaeologist[ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒɪst] n. 考古学家，拼写，archaeology,英式 / archeology，美式

“arch(a)” = ancient, 词根，古老的

类似词根

3.1.2 prosperous

prosperous[ˈprɒspərəs] adj.（经济上）繁荣的

  • a prosperous country / businessman，国家，个人（商业/经济）的繁荣

prosperity[prɒˈsperəti], n. 繁荣，不可数名词。 economic prosperity，经济繁荣

  • We’ll keep the prosperity and stability[stəˈbɪləti] of Hong Kong at any cost. 其中，stability, 稳定
  • One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty[ˈpɒvəti] in the midst[mɪdst] of a vast[vɑːst] ocean of material prosperity, 其中，poverty, 贫穷，in the midst of = in the middle of. vast, 广袤，material prosperity, 物质繁荣

prosper[ˈprɒspə(r)], v. 繁荣

  • A company can’t prosper without investment.

thrive[θraɪv] / flourish[ˈflʌrɪʃ], （植物）枝繁叶茂，引申为繁荣

  • A company can’t thrive / flourish without investment.
  • plants that thrive / flourish in tropical[ˈtrɒpɪk(ə)l] rainforests, 其中，tropical, 热带的
  • a thriving / flourishing tourist industry，繁荣的旅游城市

3.1.3 storey

storey[ˈstɔːri]/story[ˈstɔːri],n. 楼层。story是美式写法

  • storey → storeys, story→ stories。复数形式不同，主要是因为元音位置不同，storey的元音是e，story的元音是y
  • a two-story house, 两层的屋子
  • The house is two stories high.
  • a multi-story parking lot, 双层停车场，parking lot, 停车场

floor与story的区别：

  • floor，强调的是第几层
  • story, 强调的是（建筑）共几层

注意，英式和美式在第一层和第二层的区别。

3.1.4 sacred

sacred[ˈseɪkrɪd], adj. 宗教的；神圣的

  • a sacred holiday. 宗教节日
  • sacred music. 圣乐
  • Mecca is a sacred place. 麦加是圣地

holy[ˈhəʊli]与sacred[ˈseɪkrɪd]是等价的，神圣的

  • holy water.
  • a holy war. 圣战

blessed[ˈblesɪd，blest], n. 特指一个人，圣母玛丽, adj. 有福气的

  • the Blessed Virgin Mary.
  • It is more blessed to give than to receive. 施比受更有福

divine[dɪˈvaɪn], adj. 神的特征, 神性的，神的

  • To err is human, to forgive divine. — Alexander Pope ，其中，省略了forgive (is) divine.
  • 凡人多舛误，唯神能见宥。

3.1.5 classical

classical[ˈklæsɪk(ə)l], adj. 古代（希腊和罗马）文化的

  • classical studies. 古代（希腊和罗马）研究
  • classical music. 古代（希腊和罗马）音乐

classic[ˈklæsɪk], adj. 经典的，第一流的。注意与classical在意思上的巨大区别

  • a classic novel. 古典小说

靠近的-c和-cal的形容词有：

3.1.6 rest

rest[rest], v. 倚放，放置

  • Her elbow[ˈelbəʊ]s rested on the table. 其中，elbow, 肘。vi. 用法，她的胳膊肘放在桌子上
  • She rested her head against a cushion. vt. 用法，她把她的头靠在垫子上
  • rest on, 搭在…上，Her hands rested on her hip[hɪp]s. 叉腰站立， 其中，hip是臀部，Her face rested on her hands，手托双腮

rest on / upon, 基于，依赖于，取决于

  • Columbus’ decision to sail west rests on his belief that the world is round.

类似，基于，依赖于，取决于的词组有：

  • be based / founded on / upon，注意是被动用法
  • depend on / upon
  • rely on / upon
  • Don’t always depend on others. You should learn to rely on yourself.

3.1.7 make + n.

make a discovery (of…) = discover. 使用make + n. 的形式，能以名词的方式，更加正式，而且名词也能有更多的修饰。类似于新概念2的42.2.1, have a long walk = walk for a long time. 或者是，have a good sleep = sleep well.

  • discover , make an interesting discovery (of …)
  • use , make use of … , make the best use of… , He made the best use of his talent. 他最佳地使用了他的才华
  • describe , make a vivid[ˈvɪvɪd] description of … 其中, vivid，adj. 生动的
  • investigate ，make a thorough[ˈθʌrə] investigation of … 其中，thorough, adj. 彻底的
  • summarize , make a comprehensive[ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv] summary of … 其中，comprehensive, adj. 全面的
  • analyze , make a detailed[ˈdiːteɪld] analysis of …

3.1.8 表达xxx的名字

表达地理上的名字，可以用of

表达小说，电影，书本，文章的名字，用entited，不能用of

  • 错误写法，the novel of Three Kingdoms
  • the novel entitled Three Kingdoms
  • the movie entitled Da Vinci Code

表达人物的名字，用named，或者called

  • the man named / called Vincent

3.1.9 矗立在

stand in, 矗立在，位于。立体的感觉，少用于城市，多用于建筑，树木

  • An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini.
  • (NCE3-18 P82-L4) Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. 其中，form，雕塑品
  • The Monument to the People’s Heroes stands in the center of Tian’anmen Square.

be located/situated/sited, 位于。注意，都是被动用法。

  • The house is located/situated/sited on the hill

sit, 坐落在

  • The house sits on top of a hill overlooking the town.

lie，躺。平面的感觉，多用于城市，大型建筑，少用于垂直建筑

3.1.10 promontory

promontory[ˈprɒməntri], 海岬，同义词headland. a long narrow area of high land that sticks out into the sea。较小的地方

cape[keɪp], 海角 a very large piece of land sticking out into the sea。较大的地方。

3.1.11 enjoy

enjoy，享有，幸运地拥有

  • enjoy good health. 享有良好的健康
  • enjoy a high standard of living. 享有高水平的生活
  • The garment[ˈɡɑːmənt]s are magnificent[mæɡˈnɪfɪs(ə)nt] and tasteful[ˈteɪstfl] and have long enjoyed great fame both at home and abroad. 其中，garment, 服装，magnificent, 雄伟，tasteful, 品味的。enjoy fame，享有名声。both at home and abroad. 国内外

be blessed with … ，享有，幸运地拥有

  • They were blessed with two children, a boy and a girl

The underlined part in Paragraph 1 most probably means ( ).

  • √(A) were lucky in having
    1. were asked to adopt
    1. regretted having
    1. gave birth to

be endow[ɪnˈdaʊ]ed with …, 天生拥有

  • She is endowed with both brains and beauty.
  • We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

boast[bəʊst], v. （人作主语）吹牛，（物作主语），拥有好的

  • There is a lot of beautiful scenery[ˈsiːnəri] in China. = China boasts a lot of beautiful scenery. 中国拥有大好河山。scenery , 风景，不可数名词

3.1.12 equip

  • equip A with B，装备某人A以某物B的方式
  • A be equipped with B …，某人A被装备了某物B
  • The city was even equipped with a drainage system

equipment[ɪˈkwɪpmənt], 装备。

  • The classrooms are equipped with modern multimedia teaching equipment

3.1.13 许多的说法

  • a lot of，可数和不可数名词
  • many，a great/large number of, a number of，a great many (of)，large amounts of，可数名词
  • much, a great/large deal of, a great/large sum of，a great much, a large amount of，不可数名词
  • plenty of，可数和不可数名词，还带有言下之意，许多，而且保证足够使用

有of的时候many是代词，没有of的时候，many是形容词。所以可以看到，只有a great many/a great much有省略of的用法。因为number/sum/deal/amount是没有形容词的用法。

3.1.14 上下的说法

  • beneath / underneath → on , 紧贴着的下面/上面。
  • under → over，有一段距离的正下方/正上方。例如，飞机在桥的上方（over），船在桥的下方（under）
  • below → above，有一段距离的（非正）下方/（非正）上方。珠峰在海平面上方的8800米（珠峰与海水平距离很远）。

3.1.15 be used as

be used as … 被用作…东西

  • The wooden box is used as a seat.

act / serve / function as … 作为…东西，发挥…作用/功能

  • The wooden box acts / serves / functions as a seat.
  • (NCE3-25 P122-L3) She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past. 她给人留下深刻印象，使我们回忆起历史上的巨轮。reminder[rɪˈmaɪndə(r)]，没有对应的中文的翻译，这里从英文名词翻译为中文动词。remind sb. sth.， 使某人记起某事

3.1.16 时代/年代

in modern / recent / ancient / prehistoric[ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪk] times = 当代/近代/古代/史前时代

in times of … ， 在…的年代/时期

  • in times of peace. 和平年代
  • in times of war. 战争年代
  • (NCE3-14 P66-L12) In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state … 其中，march into, 杀入，攻击。city-state， (古希腊)城邦

age， 时代

  • the Ice Age， 冰川时代
  • the Stone Age, 石器时代
  • the modern age, 现代
  • the computer age, 电脑时代

era[ˈɪərə], 正式，时代

  • the steam-engine era , 蒸汽机时代

mark the end of an era , 标记一个时代的结束, mark the beginning of a new era ，标记一个新时代的开始

  • His death marked the end of an era.
  • (NCE3-25 P122-L9) It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
  • The foundation[faʊnˈdeɪʃ(ə)n] of the People’s Republic of China marked the beginning of a new era. 其中，中华人民共和国的创立标记一个新时代的开始

3.1.17 represent

represent = stand for 代表

  • Honey, this gold ring stands for / represents my love for you.

on behalf[bɪˈhɑːf] of sb. / on one’s behalf, of sb. 的sb.常用名词，on one’s behalf的one’s用代词

  • On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work.
  • Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf

3.1.18 date from

从…就有，可追溯到

  • date from
  • date back to, to是介词
  • can be traced back to.

造句：丝绸之路 (the Silk Road) 的繁荣可以追溯到遥远的汉朝。

  • The prosperity of the Silk Road dates from / dates back to / can be traced back to the distant Han Dynasty[ˈdɪnəsti], 其中，dynasty, 王朝

3.1.19 happen to

对比一下：

  • sth./sb. happen to do, 某物/某人碰巧是
  • sth. happen to sb. 某事发生在某人身上，= 某人发生某事

例句：

  • A car accident happened to him.
  • happen to do

it happen that … = sb. happen to do sth. 某人碰巧做了某事

  • We happened to take the same train. 我们刚好坐上同一趟火车
  • It happened that we took the same train.

类似的结构还有：

it chance that … = sb. chance to do sth. 某人碰巧做了某事

  • We chanced to take the same train.
  • It chanced that we took the same train.

by chance = by accident = accidentally, 碰巧，句尾副词用法

  • We took the same train by chance / by accident / accidentally.

as it happen, 碰巧，句首副词用法，注意，happen有时态变化，可能是happens，也可能是happened.

  • As it happened, we took the same train.

听力题：

  • W: I don’t imagine you would have time to help me with this.
  • M: As it happens, I would.
  • Q: What does the man mean?

答案是：

  1. He would like to know what happened. √(B) He can help the woman.
  2. Because of what happened, he has no time.
  3. He would have helped if he had the time.

注意，I don’t imagine you would 是一种深度委婉（以否定形式）提出请求的方法，“我想你应该没时间来帮我吧。” 类似于i was wondering if you could

as luck would have it, 碰巧，句首副词用法，注意，would无时态变化，总是would，而不是will，也不是其他形式。

  • As luck would have it, we took the same train.

听力题：

W: You do look cold. What happened? 强调肯定式 M: I’ve been standing outside in Arctic temperatures for over an hour waiting for a bus. W: Over an hour, but I thought your apartment was only a ten-minute bus ride to campus[ˈkæmpəs]. 其中，campus, 校园。be a bus ride to sp. 仅十分钟的巴士行程。 M: Under normal conditions, but the bus was delayed because of the weather and when I stepped into a drugstore[ˈdrʌɡstɔː(r)] to call home for a ride, the bus went by. As luck would have it, there was no one at home, so I had to wait another forty five minutes for the next bus. 其中，drugstore, 药妆店，引申为杂货店 W:That’s Murphy’s law, isn’t it. What was it said “If anything can go wrong, it will.” Well, we still get twenty minutes to gather our wits together. 其中，gather one’s wits，平静，冷静一下

3.1.20 preserve

preserve[prɪˈzɜːv]. keep sth. in good condition. 保持在一个良好的状态

  • preserve one’s eyesight / food. 保护视力/保护食物

conserve[kənˈsɜːv], 数量不要少

reserve[rɪˈzɜːv], for the future use. 为了未来有，保留/预定

  • Reserve your energy for the climb tomorrow. 为明天的登山保留精力
  • I reserve the right to disagree. 我保留反对的权利
  • reserve a table for 2. 预留一个二人桌

题目：

The old building is in a good state of ______ except for the wooden floors.

    1. observation
  • √(B) preservation
    1. conservation
    1. reservation

3.1.21 惊讶

surprise[səˈpraɪz], 出乎意料，惊喜或者惊吓都可以。搭配是in surprise. 不是with surprise.

  • I was surprised
  • They found in surprise that the goddness turned out to be … = They found to their surprise that the goddness turned out to be… 课文P25

astonish[əˈstɒnɪʃ], 强调难以置信, because something unbelivable or incredible

  • (NCE2-46 P206-L5) He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woolen goods.

amaze[əˈmeɪz], 强调搞不清楚，迷惑不解

  • When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.

astound[əˈstaʊnd], 强调把某人惊呆了，说不出话。变成stone了

  • (NCE3-19 P86-L16) The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.

3.1.22 长，宽，高，重的系动词

以下都是系动词

  • stand, 高，She stood three feet high, The tower stands 15 meters (high).
  • weigh, 重, The boy weighs 50 kilos.
  • measure long, 长，The carpet measures 5 meters long.
  • measure across, 宽，跨度, The carpet measures 3 meters across.

3.1.23 让步状语

让步状语的介词

  • despite
  • in spite of
  • notwithstanding

让步状语的连词

  • despite the fact that …
  • in spite of the fact that …
  • notwithstanding the fact that …
  • though/although/even though
  • while

例句：

3.1.24 动词搭配as

自学导读P33

as作为宾语补足语，作为介词，后面可以跟动名词。

  • consider … as …, 认为…是…
  • describe … as …, 把…描述为…。She described her attacker as a tall dark man with a beard.
  • recognize … as …, 将…视为…
  • regard … as …, 认为…是…, I don’t regard you as being dangerous.
  • see … as …, 把…视为…。 I see you as a basically kind person.
  • treat … as …, 把…当作…对待

as 作为主语补足语

  • impress … as …, 给…留下印象。He didn’t impress me as being very intelligent.
  • strike … as …,使突然想起，使认为。It struck me as strange that nobody said anything. 其中，it是形式主语，真正主语是that no body …，其中，as后的strange是主语补足语，修饰it.

3.1.25 unable/disable/enable

自学导读, P38

unable[ʌnˈeɪb(ə)l], 形容词，unable to do sth. 应使用带to do,表示不能，无法。

  • I’m unable to go to Shanghai this summer, so you must go alone.

disable[dɪsˈeɪb(ə)l], 动词，表示由于疾病、事故等而失去做事的能力。

enable[ɪˈneɪb(ə)l], 动词，enable sb to do sth. 表示“使…能够”

  • The fast car will enable her to reach the company in time.

3.2 语法和修辞

3.2.1 浊化音

第一种：s + 清辅音

浊化音，我们有以下规律。通常为s ，加上一个清辅音（纯气流，无嗓子音，例如是[p]，[t]，[k]）的时候，就会读作浊辅音。注意，浊辅音不改变音标写法，仅仅是读的时候变换一下。例如：

浊化音的出发点在于，s是吐气音，清辅音也是吐气音，两个吐气音连读的时候会较为难受，所以为了简化发音，降低发音难度，变换为浊辅音而已。

第二种：ty 和tl，浊化为[d]

浊化现象为ty[ti]，读为[d]，例如thirsty[ˈθɜːsti]

美式发音上，[tl]可以浊化为[d]，例如，little[ˈlɪt(ə)l]，小的（程度上的小），或者是数量少，kettle[ˈket(ə)l]，水壶。盛放开水，热水的水壶。

第三种：[i][tis]，浊化为[i] [ds]

Here it is. = It is here。发音上it is，可以连读为[i] [tis]，在美式发音中it is还可以浊化为[i] [ds]。指给别人，它在这儿呢

3.2.2 [j]的变音

发音的分类：

  • 元音，声带振动，气流无阻碍
  • 辅音，声带可能振动（无振动时是清辅音，有振动时是浊辅音），气流有阻碍
  • 半元音，声带振动，气流前半段有阻碍，后半段无阻碍。

[j], 就是一个半元音，发音类似于[耶]。它是一个气流音，前半部分是辅音的时候，有独特变音。

t + j = tʃ，变成全无阻碍的发音

  • don’t you, won’t you , last year , situation

d + j = dʒ，变成全有阻碍的发音

  • did you , would you , graduate , credulous

s + j = ʃ，变成全无阻碍的发音

  • this year, Bless you. , I promise you.

z + j = ʒ，变成全有阻碍的发音

  • May I use your book? How’s your father?

3.2.3 非谓语的副词

beautifully decorated walls. 墙壁是被修饰的，所以用过去分词形式作定语，decorated. 过去分词本身也可以有副词修饰，所以有beautifully. 类似的还有：

  • They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.
  • a vastly improved method. 一个被大幅改进的方法
  • a much acclaim[əˈkleɪm]ed novel. 一本广受称誉的小说。 其中, acclaim是称誉。

3.3 课文

3.3.1 第一句

Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea.

  • 使用被动方式，能更加准确地表达全文的重点。interesting discovery. 这句话等价于，Some time ago, archaeologists made an interesting discovery on the Aegean island of Kea.
  • 类似被动开头的句子，(NCE3-32 P150-L3) A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship’s captain instructing him to give up the search.
  • interesting, 为全文的埋下伏笔

3.3.2 第二句

An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini.

  • an American team of archaeologists，其中，of archaeologists是根据上下文省略的
  • explore, 考察。

3.3.3 第三句

The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

  • at one time = once. The city at one time must have seen / known prosperity. 注意，be prosperous. = seen/known prosperity.
  • at one time. 只能用于过去时态。at a time, 表示“每次”，Don’t ask so many questions at a time. 自学导读P32

3.3.4 第四句

Houses – often three storeys high – were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.

beautifully decorated walls. 墙壁是被修饰的，所以用过去分词形式作定语，decorated. 过去分词本身也可以有副词修饰，所以有beautifully. 类似的还有：

  • a vastly improved method. 一个被大幅改进的方法
  • a much acclaim[əˈkleɪm]ed novel. 一本广受称誉的小说。 其中, acclaim是称誉。

3.3.5 第五句

The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

  • be equipped with. 被装备了

3.3.6 第六句

The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times.

  • worship[ˈwɜːʃɪp], 礼拜。warship[ˈwɔːʃɪp], 军舰。The Arethusa used to be a warship. 课文P24
  • The temple which the archaeologists explored , which是定语从句，修饰temple.
  • B.C. (BC): Before Christ，公元前，耶稣基督出生前。A.D. (AD): Anno Domini. domini[], 拉丁文，表示耶稣基督之后，也是the year of the lord. = Anno Domini.

3.3.7 第七句

In the most sacred room of temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found.

  • 15尊陶瓷雕像的碎片。clay fragments of fifteen statues.
  • statues, [stætʃuː], [t]和[j]，变音为[tʃ]

3.3.8 第八句

Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted

  • represent, 代表

3.3.9 第九句

The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C

  • remains, n. 遗迹，残骸
  • date from, 追溯到
  • among sth. 在xxx之间

remains[rɪˈmeɪnz]，剩余的东西，引申为，尸体，残骸。表达尸体和残骸的时候，必须使用复数形式

  • the remains of a snake，蛇的尸体
  • remain[rɪˈmeɪn]，v. 保持，保留
  • Why did you remain silent/quiet at the dinner party.
  • They all remained standing while the manager talked.
  • remain silent

3.3.10 第十句

It’s missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.

  • happen to … 碰巧是

3.3.11 第十一句

This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved

  • preserve. 保存在一个良好状态

3.3.12 第十二句

It was very old and precious even then

3.3.13 第十三句

When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.

  • turn out to be. 原来是。 turn out to be ， Eric’s girlfriend turned out to be his half-sister, 看1.1.16

构词法, adj. + 动名词，看上去怎么样的。modern-looking，看上去摩登的

  • (NCE3-34 P158-L17) an interesting-looking carved[] dagger[ˈdæɡər]，interesting-looking, 看上去有趣的，carved. 被雕刻的, dagger, 匕首
  • hard-working. 工作上去很努力的
  • easy-going. 接触上去容易的，= 随和的

3.3.14 第十四句

She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground.

  • rest on … 搭在…上
  • full-length skirt, 全身裙

3.3.15 第十五句

Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

  • so far, 常用完成时

4 The double life of Alfred Bloggs

4.1 单词和词组

4.1.1 manual

manual[ˈmænjuəl] adj. 体力的

manual work / labor[ˈleɪbə(r)]，体力工作/劳动

反义词：

spiritual[ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl], adj. 精神的。反义词是，material[məˈtɪəriəl], adj. 物质的

manu- ，前缀表达hand的意思

例子：

4.1.2 collar

collar[ˈkɒlə(r)], n. 衣领. vt. 揪住衣领

注意[a:], [ʌ],[ə]的发音区别

  • Hi, buddy! much
  • I love you, honey. color.
  • white-collar workers.
  • blue-collar workers.
  • The policeman collared the thief.

同一个词同时有动词和名词意思，同时发音一样的，同根词：

  • tie[taɪ], n. 领带. vt. 系领带,tie a tie
  • sigh a sigh
  • wish a wish, I wished a wish on the star.
  • dream a dream

写法稍有区别的

中文类似的词

  • 数数
  • 画画
  • 盖盖

4.1.3 sacrifice

sacrifice[ˈsækrɪfaɪs], v. 牺牲，献出。sacrifice … for .. sth. 为(目的)放弃(宝贵的东西)

  • Many women sacrifice their careers for their families.
  • (NCE3-4 P26-L4) Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
  • (NCE3-44 P204-L16) Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice holiday time for the pleasure of travelling by sea. 注意，be prepared to do sth. 乐意去做某事. travelling by sea. 海上旅行.

同义词

  • give up, 放弃
  • abandon sth. vt. 及物动词，多用于正式放弃。abandon ship. 弃船
  • renounce[rɪˈnaʊns] vt. 正式宣布放弃。(announce, 正式宣布), renounce smoking and drinking.
  • cede[siːd], vt.割让。Hong Kong was ceded to Britain after the Opium War.

4.1.4 privilege

privilege[ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ] n. 特权，特殊的好处，少数人拥有的好处

  • enjoy a privilege , 幸运地拥有特权
  • abuse[əˈbjuːs] a privilege , 滥用特权.

right[raɪt], n. 权利，权力，所有人都能得到的好处。power[ˈpaʊə(r)], n. 力气，力量。

  • Education is a right, not a privilege.

have the privilege to do , 有幸做某事

  • Today, I have the privilege to speak at this important international forum on behalf of the Chinese government.

4.1.5 corporation

corporation[ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃ(ə)n], n. 公司，正式的用法

同义词:

例子：

  • foreign funded enterprise, 外资企业，fund[fʌnd], vt. 投资。funded，被投资的，修饰enterprise.
  • joint-venture enterprise, 合资企业，joint[dʒɔɪnt], adj. 共同的。venture[ˈventʃə(r)], n. 企业，经营项目
  • state-owned enterprise (SOE), 国有企业
  • private enterprise, 私营企业
  • township enterprise, 乡镇企业，township[ˈtaʊnʃɪp], n.乡镇

4.1.6 当今

  • these days , 当今，强调和当初的情况不一样。注意，不需要介词，类似的还有，today, nowadays.
  • in those days, 当初，强调和当今的情况不一样。

例句：

  • These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices.
  • (NCE3-21 P106-L2) In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. fist[fɪst], n. 拳头。with bare fists. 强调不戴手套的拳头，也就是赤手空拳。
  • (NCE4-9 P53-L1) In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. 其中，minstrel[ˈmɪnstrəl], n. 云游歌手，艺人。

4.1.7 refer to

refer to … = mention … / speak of … 提到…;谈及…

  • Please don’t refer to this matter again.

称A为B

  • refer to A as B ，被动语态为 A be refered to as B.其中，to 不能省略
  • call A B . … and others will call him ‘Mr. Bloggs’, not Alf.
  • address A as B
  • know A as B.

听力题

Elizabeth: This is my father, Paul Stevens. Dad, this is Ross Geller. Ross: It’s great to meet you Paul. Paul: I usually prefer Elizabeth’s boyfriends to address me as Mr. Stevens. Ross: Of course, of course, Mr. Stevens.

know A as B，被动用法比较多, be known (to sb.) as B. 其中，to sb.的sb.相当于know A as B的主语，它是一种特殊的被动语态，不是用by sb. 而是用to sb.

4.1.8 for the simple reason that

介词+名词+同位语从句=普通从属连词

  • for the simple reason that … = simply because …, 只是因为

以下组合都相当于because …

  • for the reason that …
  • because of the fact that …
  • due to the fact that …
  • on account of the fact that …

以下组合都相当于although …

  • in spite of the fact that …
  • despite the fact that …

例句：

(NCE3-52 P236-L2) Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance. 其中, tinted[ˈtɪntɪd], v. 被染色. observant[əbˈzɜːvənt], adj. 善于观察的. substance[ˈsʌbstəns], n. 物质

4.1.9 nature

nature[ˈneɪtʃə(r)] n. 本性、天性

  • Excuse me, nature calls. 委婉的说法，nature calls, 本性召唤, 我得去方便方便
  • He is kind by nature. 本性上, be nature

常见的说法, 人的本性是这样的，

  • Such is human nature that …
  • It is human nature that … 能用，但是没有这么地道
  • Such is human nature that we all love to get something for nothing. 人的本性就是这样的，我们总是喜欢不劳而获
  • Such is human nature that we don’t treasure what we have until we lose it. 人的本就是这样的，我们只有失去才懂得珍惜

Such is human nature that … , that是such的同位语从句，such是被倒装到前面了。我们也可以将Such放回到后面，也就是Human nature is such that …

  • Human nature is such that a great many people …
  • (NCE3-27 P130-L9) The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.
  • Such are the conditions of society that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.

4.1.10 be willing to do

乐意做某事

  • be willing to do sth.
  • be ready to do sth. = be ready for sth. 准备好做某事
  • be prepared to do sth. = be prepared for sth. 为某事做好准备

例句：

  • (NCE3-28 P134-L17) I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay ￡5.
  • If your order is large enough we are ready to reduce our prices by 5%.
  • (NCE3-41 P192-L14) Why people are prepared to tolerate[ˈtɒləreɪt] a four-hour journey each day for the dubious[ˈdjuːbiəs] privilege of living in the country is beyond me. 其中，tolerate[ˈtɒləreɪt], v. 容忍，dubious[ˈdjuːbiəs], adj. 可疑的，不可靠的，所谓的, be beyond me, 我无法理解

4.1.11 for the privilege of …

for the privilege of, 固定搭配，为了…的特权

  • (NCE3-41 P192-L14) Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.

4.1.12 give rise to sth.

give rise to sth. (fml.) 导致……, 书面，正式的用法。

4.1.13 结婚

  • 主动用法, marry sb.
  • 被动用法, get married/ be married to sb. 注意被动用的是to sb. 不是by sb.

例句：

  • The girl was married to me.

类似的用法：

  • be engaged to sb. 与sb.订婚

例句：

  • The girl was engaged to me

4.1.14 dressed in

be (dressed) in …

  • He was (dressed) in a smart black suit. 其中，smart， 时髦，帅气

sb. wear sth.

  • He left home wearing a smart black suit.

4.1.15 change into … out of …

change into … out of … , 换衣服，into是换入的，out of是换出的。单独的change，就可以表达换衣服的意思

例句：

  • You’d better change out of the red jacket into a blue one

听力：

  • W: I’m taking John to that fancy new restaurant tonight. 其中，taking，现在时表将来，fancy, 豪华
  • M: You can’t go like that. You’d better change.
  • Q: What does the man advise?

问题：

    1. Take a lot of money.
    1. Go to a different restaurant.
    1. Don’t invite John.
  • √(D) Wear different clothes.

4.1.16 花费的说法

花费的说法有：

注意，worth是介词，其他的都是动词。动词的区别比较复杂：

结论1：

  • 主语是人，用spend。
  • 主语是物，用cost或者take。人/物也可以用take + time.

例如：

  • 这件T恤衫花了我300元
  • This shirt costs me ¥300.
  • 我花300元买了这件T恤衫
  • I spend ¥300 on this shirt.

结论2：

  • sth. costs (sb.) + 金钱
  • sth. takes (sb.) + 时间

例如：

  • 这段旅程得用两小时
  • This journey takes me two hours.
  • 这双鞋30磅
  • This pair of shoes costs me 30 pounds.
  • 特殊用法，人/物 + takes + 时间 + to do sth.
  • The planes took nearly a month to plant the seed. P287 Lesson 62
  • It took him ten years to complete it. = That’s how long he took to do it. 课文P425，Lesson 93
  • How long had the police taken to find his bicycle? Lesson 34

结论3：

  • spend + 金钱/时间 + 名词/地点
  • spend + 金钱/时间 + with sb.
  • spend + 金钱/时间 + on sth/(in) doing sth，只有这个关于“金钱”的用法，另外两个是关于“时间”的

例如：

  • Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?

  • spend + time + 地点（abroad）

  • 他在纽约度过了两周的时间

  • He spent two weeks in New York.

  • 他在北京度过了20年的时光

  • He spend twenty years in Beijing.

  • 他花了整天在钓鱼

  • He spend the day fishing.

  • 他和他的女朋友一起度假

  • He spent his holiday with his girlfriend. 度假也可以说是spend one’s holiday.

  • 她和她男朋友一起度过了周末

  • She spent her weekend with her boyfriend.

  • 她把所有的钱都花在买化脏品上了。

  • She spent all her money on cosmetics[kɒzˈmetɪks].

  • 他把所有的钱都用来买书了

  • He spent all his money on books.

结论4：

  • be + worth.

例如：

  • 这套房子现在值300万
  • This apartment is worth three million now.
  • 你的车值多少钱啊？
  • How much is your car worth?
  • 就值这个钱
  • It’s worth the money.

习题，都很直接

习题，最后一题，有be动词，用的是worth.

过去式与过去分词

  • cost - cost - cost
  • take - took - taken
  • spend - spent - spent

4.1.17 fellow

fellow[ˈfeləʊ], n. 身份地位和你相同的人，同事。

  • fellow dustmen. 垃圾工同事
  • fellow actors, 演员同事
  • fellow students, 同学
  • fellow citizens , 普通人/同胞
  • fellow Chinese / Americans …， 中国/美国同胞们

例句：

  • (NCE3-22 P110-L14) The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. 其中，gaoler[ˈdʒeɪlə(r)], n. 狱卒, line[laɪn], n. 台词.
  • (NCE4-15 P87-L3) In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. 其中，in so far as, 连词, 因为。inquiry[ɪnˈkwaɪəri],n. 调查。engage in, v. 从事。
  • (NCE4-33 P195-L8) We would lay less stress on ‘facts and figures’ and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. 其中，lay less stress … more on … 少一点强调，多强调。facts and figures, 事实和数据。a good memory, 好记性。on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. 与同胞融洽相处的能力。
  • And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. — John F. Kennedy

fellow + 岗位 表示什么岗位的同事。我们也可以不加岗位，来表达同事，例如：

例句：

  • (NCE3-22 P110-L10) One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.

4.1.18 worth

worth. 值得做某事

  • be worth sth.
  • be worth doing sth. 即使是被动情况，也不需要用being done. 特殊用法。
  • be worthy of sth.
  • be worthy to do/ to be done. 这里就是普通用法，需要分主动和被动。

例句：

  • The matter is worth consideration. / considering.
  • The matter is worthy of consideration. / to be considered

错误句子：

  • 错误，The day when Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games is worth being celebrated. X
  • 正确，The day when Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games is worth celebration / celebrating. √
  • 正确，The day when Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games is worthy of celebration / to be celebrated. √

4.2 语法和修辞

4.2.1 修饰比较级

比较级可以比较两件事物，但没有显示比较的程度是怎样的。为了修饰比较级，我们只能使用：

  • a little (bit)， / a bit/ slightly

  • Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.

  • much / a lot / far

  • It’s far more exciting.

  • He is finding his new work far more exciting

  • These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices.

  • even / still / yet

  • I am even less lucky.

4.2.2 修饰同级比较

除了在4.2.6用倍数修饰同级，还能用(not) nearyly, almost, just, nothing, like, every bit, exactly. 来修饰。自学导读，P48

例句：

  • You’re nothing like as critical as you used to be.
  • She’s every bit as beautiful as her elder sister.

4.2.3 顶真/连珠

下一句的开头，刚好是上一句的末尾，形成一种秩序感。

中文：

  • 一生二 二生三 三生万物
  • 地法天 天法道 道法自然
  • 天下文章数三江 三江文章数鄙乡 鄙乡文章数进士 进士跟我学文章

英文：

鼓励学英语的话:

  • If you dream it, you can do it;
  • if you do it, you can love it;
  • if you love it, you can enjoy it;
  • if you enjoy it, you can make it.

4.2.4 动名词的时态和语态

其中：

  • 完成时，强调主句的动作之前。一般时，万用用法，任何情况都能用。
  • 被动，相对主句主语来说是被动。主动，与主句主语是一致的主动。

例句：

  • (NCE3-6 P34-L7) After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop. 这里可以使用having gazed at. 其中，gaze[ɡeɪz], v. 欣赏
  • (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out. 这里可以使用having set out
  • (NCE3-16 P74-L13) Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
  • (NCE3-40 P182-L21) Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station.
  • (NCE3-36 P166-L18) After having been wounded towards the end of the war, he had been sent to hospital and was separated from his unit. 其中，unit[ˈjuːnɪt], n. 部队。towards the end of the war, 在战争快结束的时候

4.2.5 将来进行时

将来进行时will be doing表达一种可预见性

  • Professor Wang will be taking charge of our department next Monday.
  • He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money.

4.2.6 表达倍数

表达倍数的三种方式：

  • A is … times as much (adj./adv.) as B
  • A is … times the amount (the number, the size, the length, the width/breadth, the height, the value, the price …) of B
  • A is … times more (比较级) than B

例句：

  • 他的工资是我的三倍。
  • His salary is three times as much as mine.
  • His salary is three times the amount of mine.
  • His salary is twice more than mine.
  • 这个箱子是那个箱子四倍大。
  • The box is four times as big as that one.
  • The box is four times the size of that one.
  • The box is three times bigger than that one.

也可以用定语从句来修饰，课文P29

  • His earnings were only half the amount they used to be. 其中, they是指earnings.

4.2.7 间接宾语的动词

以下动词只有间接宾语，没有直接宾语。FIXME

  • describe sth. to sb.
  • John described the film to his aunt.
  • say sth. to sb.
  • He said nothing to her.
  • explain sth. to sb.
  • She explained the position to me.
  • propose sth. to sb.
  • The proposed the idea to us.
  • suggest sth. to sb.
  • Why don’t we suggest the office manager that we have a rota for some of the boring jobs? 自学导读P9

4.3 课文

4.3.1 第一句

These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices.

  • 挣钱，receive money, 正式用法。make money, earn money, 口语用法

造句：现如今，在娱乐界 (the entertainment field) 工作的人挣的钱往往比在教育行业 (the education sector) 工作的人多得多。

  • These days, people who work in the entertainment field often receive far more money than people who toil in the education sector. 其中，toil[tɔɪl], v. 在…辛勤工作

4.3.2 第二句

People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white-collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work

  • People who work in offices ，刚好与第一句的末尾的 receive far more money than people who work in offices.是重叠的，这是一种顶真的修辞手法
  • 等价说法，They usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. = They usually wear a collar and tie to work. 课文P29

造句：大熊猫常常被称为活化石 (living fossil)，只不过因为它们在世界上已经生存了两亿多年了。

Giant pandas are frequently referred to as ‘living fossils’ for the simple reason that they have lived on earth for over 200 million years.

4.3.3 第三句

Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

4.3.4 第四句

This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.

  • curious situations，奇怪的现状
  • give rise to n. 导致(境况)
  • work as + 职位 + for + 公司，在什么公司以什么职位工作。I work as an English teacher for New Oriental

观点+例证

  • in the case of …, 在…的示例中
  • ….（观点）, as it did / does in the case of … who …
  • This can cause curious situations. Alfred Bloggs was an example. He worked …

造句: 压力 (stress) 会导致精神上的一些疾病 (mental diseases), 正如在通用汽车公司(General Motors) 工作的工程师 Mike Johnson 身上发生的情况一样。

  • Stress can give rise to mental diseases, as it did in the case of Mike Johnson who worked as an engineer for General Motors

4.3.5 第五句

When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job.

4.3.6 第六句

He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit.

4.3.7 第七句

He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.

4.3.8 第八句

Before returning home at night. He took a shower and changed back into his suit.

  • take/have a shower. 沐浴。shower，也可以表示淋雨。

4.3.9 第九句

Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret

  • keep one’s secret. 保守秘密

4.3.10 第十句

Alf’s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job.

  • she never will 后面省略了 discover. 使用完成时和将来时，同时表达了“过去是，现在是，将来是”。

我过去是，现在是，将来也会是你的朋友。

  • I was, am and will be your friend.

4.3.11 第十一句

He will soon be working in an office. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money

  • 等价说法, his rise in status is well worth the loss of money. = his rise in status more than compensate[ˈkɒmpenseɪt]s for the loss of money.

4.3.12 第十二句

From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him ‘Mr. Bloggs’, not ‘Alf’

5 The facts

5.1 单词和词组

5.1.1 editor

editor[ˈedɪtə(r)] n. 编辑

editor of …，xxx的编辑

  • the editor of the Washington Post
  • (NCE3-5 P30-L1) editors of newspapers and magazines
  • chief editor = editor in chief

edit， v. 编辑

  • Janet edited books for a variety of publishers.

edition[ɪˈdɪʃ(ə)n], n. 版本。发音是[i]，不是[e]。

  • a paperback / hard-cover / de luxe edition，简装/精装/豪华装
  • the first edition , 首版
  • a revised[rɪˈvaɪzd] edition , 修订版
  • in its sixth edition , 第6版

editorial[ˌedɪˈtɔːriəl], n. 编辑；社论，社评。

M: Mary is in charge of the art and music section; and Charles the sports page. What are you?
W: I’m responsible for the editorials.
Q: Where does the woman work?

其中， section[ˈsekʃ(ə)n], n. 报纸的某个版。Charles (in charge of) the sports.

    1. At a book store.
    1. At an art museum.
  • √(C) At a newspaper office.
    1. At a gymnasium.
M: Would you pass me the sports section, please?
W: Sure. If you give me the classified ads and editorial section. 
Q: What are the people doing?
    1. Looking in the library card catalog.
    1. Studying for an exam.
  • √(C) Reading the newspaper.
    1. Exercising in the gym.

5.1.2 extreme

extreme[ɪkˈstriːm] n. 极端

go to extremes, 走向极端，做得太过分。

  • (NCE3-5 P30-L1) Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.
  • (NCE3-56 P252-L14) This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes. 其中，occurrence[əˈkʌrəns]与circumstance[ˈsɜːkəmstəns], 都表示情况

extreme[ɪkˈstriːm] adj. 极端的，极其的

extremely[ɪkˈstriːmli] adv. 极端地，相当于very

  • be extremely difficult / important / useful / complicated / pleased / grateful …
  • (NCE3-27 P130-L4) Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate[ˈestɪmət; ˈestɪmeɪt] the true value of the services which people perform for us.
  • (NCE3-46 P212-L24) But I was extremely pleased with myself. I had traced the cause of the trouble. 其中，trace the cause of …, 找到…的根源

5.1.3 journalist

journalist[ˈdʒɜːnəlɪst] n. 记者。

同义词：

例句：

  • our Middle East correspondent, 中东记者
  • Our correspondent in South Africa sent this report. 南非记者
  • a war / sports / education / political correspondent. 战争/运动/教育/政治题材的记者

journalism[ˈdʒɜːnəlɪz(ə)m], n. 新闻业，新闻学，新闻学院

  • a career in journalism
  • I plan to study journalism at college.

听力：

I see under “activities” that you’ve been writing for the school paper. Yes, sir. What kinds of articles have you written? 

All kinds―sports, editorials, theater reviews. You name it, I’ve written it. Hmmm. 

Well, have you ever thought of becoming a journalist? 

A professional writer? Not until recently. Michigan has a fine School of Journalism. Yes, I know that. You seem to have some reservations.

I'm a little uncertain.

其中，reservation[ˌrezəˈveɪʃn], n. 犹豫，可用复数

5.1.4 publish

publish[ˈpʌblɪʃ] [’pʌblɪʃ] v. 出版

  • This book is published by Oxford University Press.

publisher[ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)] n. 出版社，出版商。与Press[pres], 同义

publishing[ˈpʌblɪʃɪŋ], n. 出版行业

  • She chose publishing as a career.

the press, n. 泛指舆论，新闻，出版，报界，注意有一个the

  • the freedom of the press, 新闻自由，出版时无过多限制
  • (NCE3-45 P208-L1) In democratic countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned. 其中，democratic[ˌdeməˈkrætɪk], adj. 民主的。condemned[kənˈdemd], v. 被谴责的

go to press, v. 出版

  • (NCE3-5 P30-L10) Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press.

pirate[ˈpaɪərət] v. 盗版

  • pirated CDs / books / software

5.1.5 fire

fire[ˈfaɪə(r)] / dismiss sb. from …, 解雇某人的岗位

  • I’ve just been fired from my job, and I don’t know what to do.
  • She claims she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
  • (NCE3-49 P224-L29) The poor girl was dismissed instantly.

lose one’s job, 被解雇了

  • Many people won’t complain about pay and conditions because they’re terrified of losing their jobs.

lay off , 把某人（短期）解聘，下岗

  • Millions of people have been laid off in the steel industry.

laid-off workers , n. 下岗工人

suspend, v. 停职；悬挂

  • The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out.

depose[dɪˈpəʊz], v. 罢免，重大岗位的废除

5.1.6 provide

provide sb. with sth. / provide sth. for sb. 提供某人某物，注意不是双宾结构。

offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb. 提供某人某物，是双宾结构。用哪个结构，取决于哪个部分更短。sb. 短的话就用offer sb. sth. 如果sth.短的话，用offer sth. to sb.

  • They offered him a very good job, but he turned it down. 其中，turn it down, 谢绝了
  • The drama school offers places to students who can show talent.

5.1.7 instruct

instruct sb. in sth. v. 本意是teach.

  • I instruct a class in history.

instructor[ɪnˈstrʌktə(r)], n. 老师，教师

instruct / direct sb. to do， 要求/命令/指示某人做某事。

  • I have been instructed by the company to offer you a refund. 其中, refund[ˈriːfʌnd], n.退款
  • The judge directed the defendant to remain silent. 其中,defendant[dɪˈfendənt], n. 被告
  • Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president’s palace in a new African republic.

5.1.8 lead to

lead to …， 通往，其中to是介词

  • All roads lead to Rome.
  • (NCE3-48 P220-L18) The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain. 其中, perch[pɜːtʃ], 在…边上/顶上
  • (NCE3-33 P154-L19) This led to yet another angry argument.

5.1.9 surround

surround[səˈraʊnd], v. 包围

  • (NCE3-46 P212-L30) Needless to say our house is now surrounded by a jungle. 其中, needless to say, 更不用说
  • (NCE3-48 P220-L23) Looking up I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as we ate. 其中, in rage[reɪdʒ]s, 愤怒中

surrounding[səˈraʊndɪŋ], adj. 周围的

  • (NCE2-62 P284-L4) Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.

5.1.10 find out与find

find out: get information , 抽象信息，不是具体东西

  • (NCE3-13 P62-L8) She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
  • (NCE3-22 P110-L10) One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.

find, 具体的东西

  • (NCE3-15 P70-L12) He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out. 其中, what is more, 更糟的是

5.1.11 set out

set out: to start a journey, especially a long journey, 出发

  • (NCE3-25 P122-L8) Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England.
  • (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.

set out to do sth. begin a job, task, etc with a particular aim or goal, 着手做某事

5.1.12 花费的说法2

扩展自4.1.16

take，花费时间/金钱，物做主语时：

  • (NCE2-50 P236-L2) I went on an excursion recently, but my trip took me longer than I expected.
  • (NCE3-44 P204-L15) Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. 其中, ideal[aɪˈdiːəl], adj. 理想的
  • (NCE3-28 P134-L13) It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.

take, 花费时间/金钱，人做主语时:

  • I took just ten minutes to solve that problem.
  • He always takes so long to eat his breakfast.

spend，只能人作主语，spend … on sth. / (in) doing sth.

  • (NCE3-50 P228-L25) I argued that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning I would keep my mind fresh for reading when I got home from work. 其中, exhaust[ɪɡˈzɔːst], v. 耗尽，使…筋疲力尽
  • (NCE4-39 P228-L4) One, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands.

5.1.13 meanwhile

与此同时：

  • meanwhile
  • at the same time
  • (in the) meantime

例句：

  • I continued working. Meantime, he went out shopping.
  • (NCE3-33 P154-L19) It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the lorry-driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles

5.1.14 another

再一个：

  • one more … = another …
  • two more … = another two …

例句：

  • In another two weeks it’ll be finished. = In two more weeks it’ll be finished.

5.1.15 yet/still

使用yet/still, 可以加强 one more/another/ 比较级的语气，可以看4.2.1

  • yet / still one more / another / bigger …

例句：

  • (NCE3-33 P154-L19) This led to yet another angry argument.
  • yet / still one more example
  • He’s given us yet / still more work to do.
  • Inflation had risen to a yet / still higher level. 其中，inflation[ɪnˈfleɪʃ(ə)n], 通货膨胀

听力：

M: They said the train won't arrive until nine.
W: Well, what that boils down to is yet another delay in our schedule.
Q: What does the woman mean?

其中, what that boil down to … 归根到底，最后结局，这是一个主语从句

    1. The train will be overheated when it arrives.
    1. It is too hot to wait any longer.
  • √(C) They are going to be late again.
    1. They will have to schedule another dinner.

5.1.16 inform

inform， 通知

  • inform sb. of sth.
  • inform sb. that …

that 作为从句，前面没有介词of，除了以下情况：

in that … but / except that …

5.1.17 not only …

不但…而且…

  • not only … but also …
  • not only … but …
  • not only … but … as well

例句：

  • (NCE3-59 P264-L23) This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it. bearing[ˈbeərɪŋ], n. 关系，关联
  • (NCE3-10 P50-L4) At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen water tight compartments. 其中wather tight, 防水, compartment[kəmˈpɑːtmənt], 船舱.

5.1.18 some与any

三个点：

  • some+ 复数或不可数名词时表“一些”，some用在肯定句中，any用在否定、疑问句中中。
  • 但在表达请求，建议的疑问句中用some。 Would you like some milk?。在疑问句中，some表示预设了自己已经知道，any表示自己并不知道。自学导读P62
  • some + 单数可数名词，“某一,某种”。any + 单数可数名词，“任一” Is there any milk in that bottle? Do you want any milk?

第一点：

  • 一些学生，some students/ any students
  • 一些水，some water/any water

注意，some/any与这个名词是可数，还是不可数名词，没有任何关系。

例句有：

  • Is there any bread in the kitchen?
  • There’s a loaf on the table.
  • There’s some coffee on the table too.
  • There isn’t any chocolate on the table.
  • There is a spoon on that dish.
  • Is there any soap on the dressing table.

第二点：

例句有：

  • Can you lend me some money?
  • 你可以借我点钱吗？
  • Would you like to drink some tea?
  • 你想喝点茶吗？
  • Do you have some questions?
  • 你是有几个问题要问吧？（知道或认为某人想要问几个问题）
  • Do you have any questions?
  • 你有问题要问吧？（并不清楚某人是否要问问题）

第三点：

例句有：

  • Some day, he can be some one.
  • 某一天，他可能成为个人物
  • For some reason it could not be used.
  • 由于某些原因未能使用
  • You can buy it in any supermarket.
  • 你可以在任何一个超市买到

5.2 语法和修饰

5.2.1 部分倒装

只把助动词，be 动词(之前没有其他助动词)或情态动词置于主语之前。

部分倒装的三种情况：

    1. 否定词位于句首（如：not only, not until, neither, nor, never, hardly, barely, scarcely, few, little, rarely, seldom, under no circumstances, in no way, …）。
    1. “only + 状语” 位于句首。only + 时间/方式/时间等状态语句。翻译的方法是这样的，only + 时间，为“直到…时候”。only + 方式，为“只有这样”。
    1. such, so, well, often, many a time 等表示程度、频率的词位于句首。

注意，倒装的是主句的谓语动词提前，倒装紧接的从句不需要倒装

第一种例句：

  • Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
  • (NCE3-41 P192-L26) Nor is the city without its moments of beauty. 其中，Not的提前是Nor
  • (NCE3-37 P170-L13) Neither was I surprised when the train stopped at Widley, a tiny station a few miles along the line.
  • Never have I seen such a good movie.
  • Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.
  • Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.

第二种例句：

  • Only then did he realize that he was mistaken. 其中，only then, 直到那时
  • Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.
  • Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother will it learn how to swim.
  • (NCE3-40 P182-L22) Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax. 其中,hoax[həʊks], n. 骗局

第三种例句：

  • (NCE3-4 P26-L4) Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
  • (NCE3-46 P212-L1) So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour. 其中，specialized labour, 专业化劳动力
  • Well did I know him and well did he know me.
  • often did it snow there.
  • Many a time has he given me good advice. 其中，many a time, 常常

5.2.2 状语从句省略

状语从句中如果满足以下两个条件：

    1. 状语从句的主语与主句主语一致。
    1. 状语从句的谓语包含 be 动词。

则可同时省略状语从句的主语和其后的 be 动词。

例句：

  • Metals expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled. 其中, contract[ˈkɒntrækt; kənˈtrækt], n. 收缩
  • 省略为：Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.
  • Francis Preston Blair Jr., although he was born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
  • 省略为：Francis Preston Blair Jr., although born（过去分词也是born） in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
  • However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while (he had been) counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president’s palace

5.2.3 冠词

冠词的分类：

  • 定冠词，the，表示特指
  • 不定冠词，a/an，表示泛指
  • 零冠词，不加冠词

我们本节着重介绍定冠词和不定冠词，零冠词暂时不讨论

不定冠词的场景：

  • 不明确的对象，I am hungry. I want an apple.
  • 首次提到的对象，I saw a dog in Bridge Street yesterday.

定冠词的场景：

  • 明确的对象，I want the apple in your hand.
  • 再次提到的对象，The dog was really cute.

指示代词this,that,these,those的场景：

  • 绝大部分情况下，英语很少使用this dog is very cute的用法，指示代词+名词的用法很少，虽然语法没错。更多时候用的是，The dog is very cute，这种定冠词的用法。
  • 仅在手指指的情况下，才使用指示代词 + 名词

对象与可数名词的特性：

  • 可数名词单数，泛指用a/an，特指用the
  • 可数名词复数，不可数名词，泛指用some/不加冠词，特指用the

例句：

  • air pollution is a serious problem.
  • The air pollution of Beijing must be solved at once.
  • Lisa gave me tea as a gift. 不可数名词泛指，不加冠词
  • The tea tasted good.
  • Last month I bought a CD.
  • The CD is about the Civil War, and I found the CD very interesting.
  • I knock at the door and ask for a meal and a glass of beer. 只能用knock at the door，不能用knock at a door.

5.2.4 冠词2

对6.2.1节的扩展

人名和地名的前面，一般不加冠词。

  • John lives in England. He has a house in London.

海洋、河流、山脉和部分国名，合成词前，加定冠词the

  • the Red Sea. 红海
  • the Yello River.黄河。
  • the Atlantic Ocean.大西洋。
  • the Suez Canal. 苏伊士运河
  • the Alps. 阿尔卑斯山
  • the United States
  • the United Kingdom
  • the Netherlands，荷兰
  • the People’s Republic of China
  • the Great Wall，长城，普通名词构成的专有名词

为啥部分国名前需要加定冠词the，因为这些国名是由普通名词转换过来的专有名词，所以需要用the来修饰，表达特指的意思。

  • the moon
  • the sun

世界上独一无二的东西，用定冠词the

  • Asia
  • South America

大洲不需要用the

5.3 课文

5.3.1 第一句

Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics.

知识点一：

go to extremes to do sth. 过分地……，在某方面走极端

  • 造句：女孩子常常在减肥方面走极端。
  • Girls often go to extremes to lose weight.
  • 造句：有些父母常常过分地满足孩子的需要。
  • Some parents often go to extremes to satisfy the needs of their children. 其中，need， 需求
  • 造句：阿尔弗雷德·布洛格斯过分地追求 (seek) 成为白领工人的特权。
  • Alfred Bloggs went to extremes to seek the privilege of becoming a white-collar worker.

知识点二：

  • facts and statistics, 事实和数字
  • fruit and vegetables
  • fur and feather / birds and beasts
  • bed and board / food and shelter[ˈʃeltə(r)], 其中shelter[ˈʃeltə(r)], n. 居所
  • food, shelter, clothing and transportation, 衣食住行

例句：

  • (NCE3-38 P174-L5) Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have. 其中，bewildering[bɪˈwɪldərɪŋ], adj. 令人困惑的。the bewildering amount of, 令人眼花缭乱的

造句：某些网站常常过份地给访问者提供令人眼花缭乱的大量的信息。

  • Some websites often go to extremes to provide their visitors with a bewildering amount of information.

5.3.2 第二句

Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president’s palace in a new African republic.

知识点一：

常用被动，以更好地突出重点

  • (NCE3-3 P22-L1) Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea.
  • (NCE3-10 P50-L9) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
  • (NCE3-32 P150-L3) A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship’s captain instructing him to give up the search.

article on / about sth. (by sb.), 关于…的文章

  • an article on / about education by Mr. Smith

5.3.3 第三句

When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to publish it.

知识点：无灵主语

  • The card arrived on my birthday.
  • A letter came for you this morning.
  • (NCE3-1 P14-L1) When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.

造句：当 Jane 收到信时，读完第一句话就哭了。

  • When the letter came / arrived, Jane read the first sentence and then cried.

5.3.4 第四句

The article began: ‘Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president’s palace’.

The article began: ‘Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president’s palace’.

知识点一：

  • dozens of（数以十计） / scores of (数以二十个)/ hundreds of / thousands of / millions of + 复数名词
  • tens of thousands of （数以万计）/ hundreds of thousands of + 复数名词
  • thousands upon thousands of （成千上万） + 复数名词

5.3.5 第五句

The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.

  • find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall. 表示, xxx的精确数字

知识点一：

  • send sb. a fax / a letter / an email / a card
  • get / receive a fax / a letter / an email / a card from …

造句：这位经理立刻给他的秘书发了一封 email，要求她了解一下即将出席会议的确切人数。

  • The manager at once sent his secretary an email instructing her to find out the exact number of the people who will attend the meeting.

5.3.6 第六句

The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.

造句：这位秘书立刻着手核实 (verify) 这些重要的事实，但是她花了很长时间才完成。

  • The secretary immediately set out to verify these important facts, but she took a long time to finish it.

5.3.7 第七句

Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press.

5.3.8 第八句

He sent the journalist two more faxes, but received no reply.

5.3.9 第九句

He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired.

  • inform sb. that xx, 通知某人某事
  • if he did not …, he would … , 过去将来时

造句：绑匪 (kidnapper) 又寄了一封匿名信 (anonymous letter)，通知老太太如果她报警，她就再也看不到她儿子了。

  • The kidnapper sent yet another anonymous[əˈnɒnɪməs] letter informing the old lady that if she called the police she would never see her son again

5.3.10 第十句

When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.

  • fail to do sth. 未能，无法做某事，看1.1.19
  • reluctantly = unwillingly

造句：当再一次未能得到签证 (visa) 时，我们不情愿地按照原计划在国内旅行 (go on a domestic journey)。

  • When we again failed to get visas, we reluctantly went on a domestic journey as it had originally been planned.

其中,domestic[dəˈmestɪk], adj. 国内的

5.3.11 第十一句

Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.

造句：不但有几个人抱怨说在夜里听见了“像猫一样的噪音”，而且一位钓鱼途中的商人还看见那只美洲狮在树上。

  • Not only did several people complain of ‘cat-like noises’ at night, but a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree as well.

5.3.12 第十二句

However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president’s palace.

  • 结构成分，定语从句，in which = in fax。这里的in which，不做定语从句的主语和宾语，做的是定语从句的方式状语，informed the editor in fax.
  • However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1,084 steps [leading to the fifteen-foot wall (which surrounded the president’s palace)].
  • while couting the 1,084 steps, 状语从句省略

6 Smash-and-grab

6.1 单词和词组

6.1.1 smash-and-grab

smash-and-grab [smæʃ-ən-’ɡræb] n. 砸橱窗抢劫（老师讲的重点单词加粗）

smash[smæʃ], v. 砸碎，及物和不及物都行

  • smash the window
  • The glass smashed into small bits.
  • We’re determined to smash terrorism[ˈterərɪzəm]. 粉碎恐怖主义
  • smash the Gang of Four

shatter[ˈʃætə(r)], v. 砸碎，和smash同义

  • shatter the window
  • The glass shattered into small bits.

音乐：

  • When I’m in your arms,
  • Nothing seems to matter
  • My whole world could shatter
  • I don’t care —Phil Collins

shatter, v. 粉碎，抽象意义的

  • shatter one’s dream / hope / confidence …
  • Peter’s comments shattered the boy’s confidence.

grab[ɡræb], v. 抓住

seize[siːz], v. 抓住

(NCE3-40 P182-L17) As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic[njuːˈmætɪk] drill. 其中，drill[drɪl], n. 钻头, pneumatic[njuːˈmætɪk], adj. 气动的

6.1.2 jewellery

jewellery[ˈdʒuːəlri] / jewelry[ˈdʒuːəlri] [’dʒu:əlri] n. 珠宝（总称），不可数名词。jewel[ˈdʒuːəl], n. 珠宝，可数名词

  • a piece of jewelry
  • two pieces of jewelry

示范：

  • 错误，She has a lot of beautiful jewelries. X
  • 正确，She has a lot of beautiful jewelry. √
  • 正确，She has a lot of beautiful jewels. √

表达单个（可数），和整体（不可数）的类似有：

  • jewel → jewelry / jewellery
  • scene → scenery
  • machine → machinery
  • weapon → weaponry
  • poem → poetry

还有，可数，和不可数的例子：

例句：

  • How many suitcases do you have?

6.1.3 staff

staff[stɑːf] [stɑ:f] / [stæf] n. 全体工作人员，强调一家公司/组织，一群

  • The hospital’s medical staff is / are excellent. 用is/are都可以，is表示整体，are表示每个人。
  • teaching staff
  • engineering staff
  • domestic staff, domestic[dəˈmestɪk], adj. 国内的，家庭内部的。因此，domestic staff是指家里所有佣人

例句：

表示一群的单词还有：

  • staff
  • cast，全体演职员
  • crew, 船上/飞机的一起工作的人
  • faculty[ˈfæk(ə)lti], 学校教师/大学教职员
  • Audience, 一个剧场/大礼堂的听众

6.1.4 expensive

expensive[ɪkˈspensɪv], adj. 贵重的，引申为高档的，拜金的

  • expensive shops / hotels
  • Mary is an expensive girl. She eats like a horse.
  • a fancy / luxury car， 豪华，奢侈
  • a fancy / luxury hotel

6.1.5 close to

在…附近

例句：

听力：

M: Will you be living in the dormitory this year?
W: Not if I can help it. I've been thinking of renting an apartment off campus with some friends of mine.
Q: What does the woman imply?
    1. She needs help finding a place to live.
    1. There aren’t enough rooms available in the dormitories.
    1. She can’t afford to live on campus.
  • √ (D) She doesn’t want to live in university housing.

其中，dormitory[ˈdɔːmətri], n. 学生宿舍。Not if I can help it. help[help], n. 避免。如能不住就不住。

6.1.6 所有格表示地方

职业的所有格，表示xxx店

人名的所有格，通常表示家/大学/教堂的地方

  • We spent the weekend at Mr. Green’s (house).
  • He graduated from St. John’s (University).
  • Joe lives near St. Paul’s (Cathedral) in London.

6.1.7 admire

  • admire，敬佩，不能用进行时；欣赏，可以用进行时
  • gaze at , 欣赏，看，可以用进行时

例句：

  • I admire her courage. 敬佩。
  • I am admiring her beauty. 欣赏
  • (NCE3-6 P34-L7) After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.

6.1.8 gaze

  • He gazed at the belle. 饶有兴趣
  • He stared at the belle. 盯，瞪
  • He gaped at the belle. 看傻了
  • The belle glared at him. 怒目而视

6.1.9 roar

The ______ of airplane engines announced a coming air raid.
(A) roar√ (B) exclamation
(C) whistle (D) scream

区别：

6.1.10 come to a stop

come to a stop / halt = stop / halt

  • (NCE3-39 P178-L21) Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt. grinding[ˈɡraɪndɪŋ], 摩擦的
  • come to a stop / halt = stop / halt
  • come to an end = end
  • come to a close = close
  • come to a decision = decide
  • come to a conclusion = conclude

6.2.11 while

while/whereas, 而，引导并列句

  • He must be over 60, while / whereas his wife looks about 30.
  • While she is a likable girl, she can be extremely difficult to work with.
  • (NCE4-16 P92-L10) While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. 其中,dwelling[ˈdwelɪŋ], n. 住宅，banal[bəˈnɑːl], adj. 平庸的, are deprived of, 缺乏
  • While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. 其中，distaste[dɪsˈteɪst],n. 厌恶。bedrock[ˈbedrɒk],n. 基石。they helped to create 努力去创建的

6.2.12 be busy doing sth./ with sth.

忙于做某事：

  • be busy doing sth.
  • be busy with sth.

例句：

  • They are busy preparing for the wedding.
  • They are busy with preparations for the wedding.

be too busy doing sth. to do sth. 忙于做某事而至于没有…

  • He was too busy working to notice us come in.

6.2.13 help oneself to sth.

help oneself to sth. 都是表达未经主人允许，自己拿。常用于：

  • 主人家对客人说，自己拿吧，别客气
  • 未经允许拿东西，偷，抢

例如：

  • Help yourself to a beer. 别客气，自己拿
  • They helped themselves to the farmer’s apples. 他们偷苹果

6.2.14 价值…金钱的物品

金钱 + worth of + 物品

  • one billion dollars worth of merchandise
  • fifty pence worth of trouble
  • I just bought 50 yuan worth of groceries.
Ross: Well, how was the date?
Rachel: Well I’m alone and I just bought fifteen dollars worth of candy bars, what do you think?

6.1.15 all over

all over, 自学导读P70

  • 做副词状语，处处，浑身，十足，完全。
  • 做表语，全部结束。

例句：

  • She is looking for you all over. 状语
  • Her mother has a high fever and aches all over. 状语
  • When they got there, the meeting was all over. 表语

6.2 词法和修饰

6.2.1 独立主格

独立主格

  • (with) + n. + 非谓语 (doing / done / to do, 其中 being 常省略), 在句中常作状语或定语。 有时候，with也可以省略。做定语的时候修饰前一个名词的后置定语，做状语的时候修饰动词的伴随行为，或者原因状语。

例句：

  • The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. 修饰car的后置定语
  • One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings (being) over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars. 修饰two others的后置定语
  • (NCE3-57 P256-L19) …, and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance. 其中，spire[ˈspaɪə(r)], 尖顶，修饰valley的后置定语。
  • (NCE3-59 P264-L30) Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time (being) for boredom. 其中, constructively[kənˈstrʌktɪvli], adv. 建设性地，boredom[ˈbɔːdəm], adj. 无聊的。with no time being for boredom, 是原因状语。
  • (NCE4-18 P104-L9) It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed. ensued[], v. 接着发生，sharks[ʃɑːks], n. 海豚。being可以省略。
  • (NCE3-34 P158-L17) Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken. 其中, carved[], adj. 雕刻的，dagger[ˈdæɡər], n. 匕首，crockery[ˈkrɒkəri], n. 陶器
  • (NCE3-36 P166-L1) In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences—most of them wildly improbable. 一连串的巧合事件。improbable[ɪmˈprɒbəbl], adj. 不可能的

非谓语与独立主格的区别：

  • 非谓语的逻辑主语，与主句是相同。
  • 独立主格的逻辑主语，与主句是不一样的，所以用with sb. 来指定它的逻辑主语。

例句：

  • He came in and carried a book.
  • He came in carrying a book.
  • He came in and a book was in his hand.
  • He came in (with) a book (being) in his hand.

6.2.2 介词with

with能表达人或物在一起

  • 人与人，He is with his new girlfriend。他和他的新女朋友在一起。
  • 人与物，I am with my new sunglasses。我戴着我的新墨镜。
  • 物与物，The house is with a garden。这栋房子带着一个花园。

with还有一种称为“独立主格”的用法

在with后面，我们可以用on it，或者in it，来表达两者是如何在一起的，在上面，还是在里面。当然，站在语法的角度，on it或者in it是一种补充用法，并不是必需的，实际应用中一般都会加上

  • 一张有她的名字和地址在上面的纸条

  • a piece of paper with her name and address on it.

  • 一个有200英镑的钱包

  • a wallet with 200 dollars in it.

  • 一个载有500人的巴士

  • a bus with 500 people on it.

  • 箱子把手有一个标签，上面写有我的名字和地址

  • There is a label on the handle with my name and address on it.

  • 盒子上有个标签，上面标着价格

  • There is a label on the box with the price on it.

  • T恤衫上有个标签，上面标着尺码

  • There is a label on the T-shirt with the size on it.

  • 他给我一张纸条，上面写着他的电话号码

  • He gave me a piece of paper with his phone number on it.

  • 他递给了我一本笔记，里面是他的日记。

  • He passed me a note book with his diary in it.

  • 他给我一张卡片，上面写着：我爱你

  • He gave me a card with “I love you” on it.

  • I sat down one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited.

注意两点：

  • with … on/in it，描述的是label或者paper，而不是更靠近的handle和box
  • with … on/in it，多用于描述标签，纸张，笔记，卡片，凳子等的内容

更加扩展的地方是，不一定要用on/in it，也只是用on/in sp. 表示伴随着有xxx在xxx。例如：

  • In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees.Lesson 44

6.2.3 doing的逻辑主语

  • Would you mind coming? 动名词coming默认是没有主语，一般为和原句相同的主语或者任意的主语
  • Would you mind my coming? 动名词coming前面可以通过my来指定逻辑主语

因此，动名词也可以指定自己的逻辑主语：

  • 形容词性的物主代词，my, your,he，her，their等
  • 名词所有格，Lily’s等

动名词有自己的逻辑主语，是因为动名词的动作主语与“主句”的主语不一致而产生的。

  • Excuse my interrupting you. 主句的主语是you. interrupting的主语是I. Lesson 92
  • ‘Would you mind my coming with you.’ 主句的主语是you. coming的主语是I. Lesson 68
  • I hate to interrupt a man when he’s busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station?’ 主句Would you mind的主语是you，coming的主语也是you，所以无需额外的逻辑主语。Lesson 92

例句：

  • 他们坚持周日之前完成报告

  • They insist on finishing the report before Sunday.

  • 他们坚持她周日之前完成报告

  • They insist on her finishing the report before Sunday.

  • 来晚了使我很紧张

  • Coming late made me nervous.

  • 他来晚了使老师很生气

  • His coming late made the teacher angry.

6.2.4 过去完成时

如果两个动作是紧接着发生一前一后的话，特别是在before,after的时间状语从句，就不需要使用完成时来强调前后关系。

  • He gazed at the display for several minutes before re-entering his shop.
  • 上面的gazed at不需要使用had gazed at.

课文，P37

6.2.5 否定的前缀

  • un- : untrue, unpack, un civilized
  • dis- : dislike, dishonest, disagree, dishonest, dissatisfied
  • in- : informal, inconvenient, inaccurate
  • im- : impossible, impolite
  • ir- : irregular, irresponsible
  • il- : illegal, illogical, illegal, illegible
  • non- : nonsense

6.3 课文

6.3.1 第一句

The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening.

Arcade，拱廊街，商业街的中间有一个拱顶。

17-Arch Bridge， arch, 拱，圆弧

Arch of Triumph, arch, 拱门，Triumph, 得胜，凯旋

造句: 在朝阳区建国门外大街上高档的国贸商城 (China World Shopping Mall) 刚刚开始营业。

  • The expensive China World Shopping Mall on / at the JianGuoMenWai Avenue in Chaoyang District was just opening.

6.3.2 第二句

At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty.

empty , 空闲的

  • an empty truck
  • empty streets

6.3.3 第三句

Mr. Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display.

6.3.4 第四句

Two of his assistants had been working busily since eight o’clock and had only just finished.

an assistant manager， assistant[əˈsɪstənt], n. 店员，助手，助理

  • (shop) assistant
  • (shop) clerk

had been doing 过去完成进行时

  • 表示持续性的动作一直做到过去的某时，而且还有可能继续下去。
  • (NCE3-20 P90-L8) Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model.
  • (NCE3-32 P150-L1) The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home.

only just adv. not long ago / before 刚刚

  • We’ve only just arrived.
  • I’ve only just moved to London.

6.3.5 第五句

Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet. After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.

arrange[əˈreɪndʒ], v. 排列

文似看山不喜平。
为人贵直,而作诗文者贵曲。
 — 袁枚《随园诗话》

先营造安静祥和的气氛，再抢劫，表达强烈的戏剧效果

6.3.6 第六句

The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.

  • 造句：宁静突然被打破，一个凶恶的家伙(a tough guy)，瞪着眼睛拿着枪，闯进(break into) 银行。
  • The silence was suddenly broken when a tough guy, with his eyes glaring and a gun in his hand, broke into the bank.

6.3.7 第七句

It came to a stop outside the jeweller’s.

6.3.8 第八句

One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.

  • wheel, 车轮，方向盘。at the wheel, 在主驾驶室

6.3.9 第九句

He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window.

begin to do sth. = begin doing sth. 细致上的区别为：

  • begin to do sth. 表示主动行为
  • begin doing sth. 表示客观情况

例句：

  • (NCE3-28 P134-L6) Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, ……
  • It began to rain.
  • (NCE3-12 P58-L10) During the journey, the boat began to sink.

6.3.10 第十句

Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.

go/come doing sth. 表示跑着去做某事。doing sth. 非谓语，做方式状语，描述go/come的方式

  • The boy went running to meet him. 描述怎样来的go, running
  • The girl came bouncing to tell me the news. 描述怎么样来的come, bouncing, 蹦蹦跳跳地来

6.3.11 第十一句

One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain.

6.3.12 第十二句

The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed.

  • in …, 用了多长时间，不是多长时间之内，是大概是多长时间。
  • under/within, xxx时间之内
  • scramble[ˈskræmb(ə)l], v. 爬行
  • (NCE2-5 P28-L5) The birds covered the distance in three minutes.
  • As the burning plane landed, the terrified passengers scrambled for the door.

speed 做不可数名词时，与 at, with 搭配均可 e.g. at / with great speed speed 做可数名词时，只能与 at 搭配 e.g. at a speed of 60 mph

6.3.13 第十三句

Just as it was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves.

  • run after/chase/ purse, 追逐，追求异性
  • Instead of studying, he wastes his time chasing girls.
  • The thief ran across the field, with an officer pursuing him.

6.3.14 第十四句

They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.

7 Mutilated ladies

7.1 单词和词组

7.1.1 mutilate

mutilate[ˈmjuːtɪleɪt] v. 使…残缺不全。

  • He was mutilated in a car accident and lost one arm.
  • The painting has been mutilated by a boy.

maim[meɪm], v. 使…身负重伤

  • One man has lost his life; another has been maimed.

paralyze[ˈpærəlaɪz], v. 使…半身不遂

  • The accident left him paralyzed from the waist down.

cripple[ˈkrɪp(ə)l], 使…瘸了

disable[dɪsˈeɪb(ə)l], 使…残疾

the + adj. 表示一类人

  • the disabled, 残疾人
  • the handicapped, 残疾人
  • the physically challenged, 残疾人, 文雅的说法
  • the mentally challenged, 弱智，智障
  • the horizontally challenged， 肥胖症患者
  • the vertically challenged， 矮小症患者

7.1.2 chew

chew[tʃuː] v. 咀嚼，而不是吞(Swallow)

Here, take this pill, and don’t chew it.


(A) He spilled it on the table.
(B) You have an aspirin, don't you?
(C) You can sit on the pillow.
√ (D) Swallow this tablet.

bite[baɪt], v. 咬

bite off more than one can chew

swallow[ˈswɒləʊ], gobble[ˈɡɒb(ə)l], devour[dɪˈvaʊə(r)], v. 狼吞虎咽

  • (NCE3-33 P154-L21) Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake. 其中，stray[streɪ], adj. 迷路的，流浪的

nibble[ˈnɪb(ə)l], v. 细吞慢咽

  • Eagles catch snakes that gobble toads that swallow insects that nibble green leaves. 其中，toad[təʊd], n.癞蛤蟆

7.1.3 fiancé

例句：

  • (NCE3-46 P212-L4) Armed with the right tools and materials, newlyweds gaily embark on the task of decorating their own homes. 其中，gaily[ˈɡeɪli], adv. 欢快地，embark on, 着手做某事

7.1.4 spokeswoman

W: The dean just announced that Dr. Jeffries is going to take over as Chairperson of the English Dept.
M: I knew it all along. He was the obvious choice.
What does the man mean?

√ (A) He thought Dr. Jeffries would get the job.
(B) He's not sure Dr. Jeffries will be a good chairperson.
(C) He doesn't know Dr. Jeffries very well.
(D) He thought it took too long to make the decision.

7.1.5 happen to

  • sth. come up ，出现

例句：

  • Has it ever come up to you?

  • sth. occur to sb. 某人想起了某事

  • sth. happen to sb. 某人发生了某事

例句：

  • A car accident happened to him.
  • A good idea occurred to me.

7.1.6 rescue

rescue[ˈreskjuː] / save, 拯救

  • (NCE3-12 P58-L15) When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave. 其中，tanker[ˈtæŋkə(r)] , n. 油罐车。genuinely[ˈdʒenjuɪnli], adv. 真诚地
  • Vince is a fireman. Wow! Have you ever rescued anyone from a burning building before?

come / go to one’s rescue, 来/去救某人

  • When John was in trouble, everyone went to his rescue.

pick up sb. 救某人

  • (NCE3-20 P90-L7) The ‘Antoinette’ floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.

salvage[ˈsælvɪdʒ] … from … 从…援救某物。用sth.,不接sb.

  • He tried desperately to salvage belongings from the burning house. 其中，belongings[bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz], n. 财物
  • (NCE3-32 P150-L13) The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck.

savior[ˈseɪvjə(r)] / saviour, n. 救世主

a knight in shining armor, 救星

  • I don’t know who you are, Nick. You just magically show up like some knight in shining armor, ready to save the day…

7.1.7 despair

despair of sb. 对某人绝望。despair of (doing) sth. 对某事绝望。这里的despair是动词。

  • The teachers began to despair of him.
  • Mike despaired of ever seeing her again.

in despair 绝望地。despair是名词

  • He killed himself in despair.
  • (NCE3-46 P212-L28) I gave up in despair.
  • (NCE3-54 P244-L27) I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair.
  • With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. hew[hjuː], 砍下希望之石，在绝望的大山之中
  • … and a lot of people despair when they make mistakes like this

7.1.8 deal with

deal with … 解决…难题

W: I had to deal with so many courses last term that I really had a hard time.
M: I told you it would be better for you if you took fewer courses during the first 
semester.
Q: What do we learn about the woman?

(A) She made a mistake by taking too few courses in the first term.
(B) The courses she took were too difficult for her.
(C) She took too many courses during her first term.√
(D) She found it difficult to deal with college courses.

attend to, 应付,解决

see to …, 应付,解决

  • Don’t worry about it. I’ll see to it later.

handle …, 应付,解决

  • ‘Molly, I need your special talent for handling special matters.’‘Like what special matters?’

tackle[ˈtæk(ə)l] … 应付,解决

  • Many schools are now trying to tackle the problem of drug abuse.

cope[kəʊp] with …应付,解决

  • a seminar on ‘coping with stress in the workplace’

7.1.9 feed sth. to sb.

feed sth. to sb. feed sb. on sth. 喂给某人某物

  • I fed raw meat to the dog.
  • I fed the dog on raw meat.
  • Well-fed, well-bred. 懂礼貌，知书达礼
  • She fed two coins into the machine for a cup of coffee.

7.1.10 concern

concern … be about … 有关, 这里的concern是动词

  • A recent case is about Jane Butlin …
  • To whom it may concern, 致有关人士
  • (NCE4-4 P23-L2) One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. 其中，perceive[pəˈsiːv], 感知

concern … be concerned with …

  • The book concerns music.
  • The book is concerned with music.
  • a book concerning music, doing的非谓语, concerning
  • a book concerned with music, done做非谓语，concerned with

类似：

  • This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.

7.1.11 run

run; be in charge of (sth); manage 管理

  • run a hotel / shop / language school
  • John manages a successful furniture business.
  • John is in charge of a successful furniture business.

7.1.12 turn to

turn to / into … = change into … = become ，变成，转变

例句： * The caterpillar eventually turns to / into a beautiful butterfly. * The caterpillar eventually changes into a beautiful butterfly * The caterpillar eventually becomes a beautiful butterfly

turn + n. 做表语，特指人的身份改变

7.1.13 as引导的条件状语从句

只要，条件状语从句：

  • as / so long as …
  • provided / providing (that) …
  • on condition (that) …

例句：

  • You’ll be quite safe as long as you follow my instructions.
  • He can come with us, provided / providing (that) he pays for his own meals.
  • I’ll lend you the money on condition (that) you pay it back within three weeks.

only if … , 只有，条件状语从句。以Only开头，需要倒装形式

  • she will go only if he goes.
  • Only if he goes will she go.

7.2 词法和修饰

7.2.1 鼻腔爆破

nasal explosion

爆破音指发音有爆破感，气流瞬间冲出口腔，产生短暂的类似爆破的声音。

[t] / [d] + [n]

7.2.2 轭式修辞

一个动词与多个名词搭配，表示不同的含义。

Clothes that fit the man and the times. fit the man, 身材合适，fit the times, 时尚

You’re free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit. execute laws, 执行法律，execute citizens, 处死公民。 as you see fit. 如果你觉得合适的话

7.2.3 接续性分句

continuative clause 接续性分句，定语从句，有一半是用来表达并列句的连接功能，而不是修饰功能。这个叫接续性分句。

  • John went to see his bank manager and the manager sent the remains of wallet and the money to the special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies!

句型转换：

  • He violently beat the boy and the boy later died from his injuries.
  • 表并列，He violently beat the boy who later died from his injuries.
  • We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there. 其中，Near east，近东
  • 表原因，(NCE4-1 P5-L1) We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
  • Don’t sit on the chair because it has a broken leg.
  • 表原因，Don’t sit on the chair which has a broken leg.
  • I have to be very careful not to offend the manager because he could give me the sack at any time. 其中，give sb. the sack. 炒鱿鱼
  • 表原因，I have to be very careful not to offend the manager who could give me the sack at any time.
  • History books never mention those people although they really helped civilization forward.
  • 表让步，History books never mention those people who really helped civilization forward.

7.2.4 结构

如何写出优秀的解释说明类文章(exposition)

  • 1、语言生动活泼，充满趣味性。
  • 2、用词准确清晰，避免模棱两可。
  • 3、抽象说明与具体例证相结合。

本文脉络（经典的解释说明类文章）:

  • 第一段：三个设问句引起读者兴趣并引入主题：残钞鉴别组，并确切地说明其作用。语言充满趣味性。
  • 第二段：给出具体例证。描述清晰，语言风趣，句式多变。

7.3 课文

7.3.1 第一句

Has it ever happened to you?

7.3.2 第二句

Have you ever put your trousers in the washing machine and then remembered there was a large bank note in your back pocket?

  • bank note / banknote / note , 银行钞票
  • bill, a fake / counterfeit[ˈkaʊntəfɪt] $20 bill ，20元伪钞
  • coin ， 硬币
  • change， 零钱,I carry no change on me

可数，不可数

  • bill note coin 可数
  • change 不可数

7.3.3 第三句

When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter than white?

7.3.4 第四句

People who live in Britain needn’t despair when they make mistakes like this (and a lot of people do)!

7.3.5 第五句

Fortunately for them, the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated Ladies which deals with claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to their dog.

7.3.6 第六句

Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money!

  • 一个不那么优雅的示范，It seems that dogs love to chew up money。将句子变为插入语的结构，it seems, 能更好地突出Dogs的重点

例句：

  • You may wonder why spiders are our friends.
  • (NCE4-2 P11-L1) Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?

或者

  • Many of us believe that economic development is of paramount importance to China. paramount[ˈpærəmaʊnt], adj. 首要的
  • Economic development, many of us believe, is of paramount importance to China.

7.3.7 第七句

A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiancé, John, runs a successful furniture business.

7.3.8 第八句

John had a very good day and put his wallet containing￡3,000 into the microwave for safekeeping.

7.3.9 第九句

Then he and Jane went horse-riding.

  • go fishing
  • go hunting
  • go camping
  • go bowling， 打保龄球
  • go sight-seeing , 旅游观光
  • go mountain-hiking

7.3.10 第十句

When they got home, Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and without realizing it, cooked her fiancé’s wallet as well.

  • … without knowing it, … 没想到
  • … without being aware of it …

7.3.11 第十一句

Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!

  • dismay， 惊讶且沮丧，both shocked and discouraged

imagine one’s … when …

  • Imagine his dismay when he found he took the wrong train.

7.3.12 第十二句

John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains of wallet and the money to the special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies!

  • 定语从句，有一半是用来表达并列句的连接功能，而不是修饰功能。这个叫接续性分句。

7.3.13 第十三句

So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back,’ said a spokeswoman for the Bank.

for + 工作单位

  • (NCE3-4 P26-L6) This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.

说话人放中间，话语分在两边。 重要的话 + answered/said sb, + 不重要的话

  • (NCE3-2 P18-L11)“I’m trying to repair the bell,”answered Bill. “I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.
  • (NCE3-2 P18-L13) “You certainly did give me a surprise!” said the vicar. “You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.”

7.3.14 第十四句

Last year, we paid $1.5m on 21,000 claims

  • on, 有关xx

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